【作者】 石全华；

【导师】 张明海；

【作者基本信息】 东北林业大学 ， 野生动植物保护与利用， 2016， 博士

【摘要】 猎物不足是威胁中国野生东北虎生存和恢复的主要限制因素之一。鉴于在中国东北的野生东北虎分布区内,其主要猎物梅花鹿密度极低,不足0.1只/km2,该项目采用猎物重引入的方式帮助梅花鹿在野外建立稳定的基础种群。2012-2013年,作者在吉林省汪清国家级自然保护区,重引入人工饲养梅花鹿63只,置于建立在野外的过渡场内驯化1个月,而后就地释放。2012年6月到8月,以及2013年6月到8月,项目通过对重引入梅花鹿种群的监测,进行了其在重引入初期的适应性研究,以对未来在东北虎栖息地开展猎物重引入计划,及其它鹿类的重引入计划提供基础信息和技术指导。其研究主要结论如下：1、利用粪便分析法,对重引入梅花鹿在过渡场期间的食物组成变化进行研究,发现其采食的主要植物12科31属,其中柳属、杨属、栎属、桦木属和蒿属为其主要食物,占总采食量的46.48%。而重引入梅花鹿在过渡场的最初5天,食物组成与野外植物的可获得相关性高,而后经过一段时间的波动,最终在10天后,形成稳定的食物选择。将其稳定期的食物组成与当地同期野生梅花鹿的食物组成相比较,结果显示总体差异不显著。2、提取测定重引入梅花鹿粪便中皮质醇激素的含量,结果显示重引入梅花鹿种群到达过渡场的最初10天,其粪便中皮质醇含量较高且不稳定(588.3±93.4)ng/g,表明其应激反应强烈。然而,其含量整体呈下降趋势,10天后其含量逐渐平稳在约355.10±63.1 ng/g。将其与当地同期野生梅花鹿比较,同期粪便中的皮质醇含量相似。本研究没有发现10日内因应激反应而产生的梅花鹿由于健康问题或死亡,因此认为,种群在非捕食动物刺激的情况下,在10日之内将重引入梅花鹿的应激反应消除是可靠的。3、从行为学角度,利用瞬间扫描法来研究重引入梅花鹿在过渡场期间的行为变化,结果显示在其到达过渡场最初10日内,其行为时间分配波动较大,存在一定的日活动节律,但并不稳定。而在到达过渡场10天后,逐步形成稳定的时间分配和日活动节律。其稳定后,日活动节律基本与野生梅花鹿相似。值得注意的是,重引入梅花鹿到达过渡场前10天,采食行为所占比例很低,而观望行为的比例很高,这也是高应激反应的一个表现。而后,即使在采食逐渐增多的第5天左右,其观望行为的比例仍然很高,而反刍行为所占比例却较低,这个阶段对于鹿群的适应是一个关键时间,在应激反应的影响下,反刍受到波动而采食开始逐渐增多,如果没有及时消除应激反应,很有可能对梅花鹿的代谢产生影响,甚至出现健康问题。4、在过渡场驯化1个月后,重引入梅花鹿就地释放。项目利用无线电项圈对其跟踪监测,并对其释放后的生境选择进行研究。同时,辅助利用自动相机对当地野生梅花鹿的生境选择进行研究。结果显示释放后的重引入梅花鹿偏爱选择位于坡度小于25°,灌木密度小而乔木密度适中的区域,同时其对水源依赖,会倾向选择距离水源较近(<500m)的生境。其与同域分布的梅花鹿存在一定的一致性,如两者均倾向于选择坡度较小的区域,均倾向于选择乔木密度较适中的区域。然而,野生梅花鹿在生境选择上更注重回避捕食,如倾向于选择上坡位,距离隐蔽较近的地方活动,以及远离人为干扰区域。此外,主成分分析的结果显示对于重引入梅花鹿,其绝对值较大的权系数出现在坡度、坡位、距水源距离和郁闭度上,说明在重引入地的选择上,以上生境因子应优先考虑。5、总的来讲,重引入的梅花鹿在采食、应激和行为上的适应,都会在最初的10天完成,表现为初期的波动和逐渐稳定、适应的规律。因此,在管理方面,更严格的监测和可能需要的人工干预都会出现在这个阶段,应安排相应的人力和做好准备工作。而对于释放后的梅花鹿群,其与野生梅花鹿群仍存在一定的差异,特别是在回避捕食上,释放后管理人员应该尽可能地促进重引入的梅花鹿与野生梅花鹿尽早合群,以使其更快完成生境选择上的适应过程。更多还原

【Abstract】 The lack of preys dramatically limits China’s wild tigers from surviving and recovering. In the habitat of Amur Tiger in Northeast of China, the density of the main prey, the Sika Deer, is as low as 0.1 individual per km2, and it is insufficient, therefore a project to re-introduce wild deer and facilitate a stable settling of a population was carried out.In 2012 and 2013, in the National Natural Protection Area, in Wangqing, Jilin Province, the author kept 63 captive Sika Deer in to a transition field for one month, and then released them. In 2012, from June to August, and in 2013, from June to August, a monitoring of the deer population was carried out in order to make a study on their adaptability; this study provided essential information and technical guidance for the future prey recovery.The main conclusions of the study are the following:1. By means of fecal analysis, the diet composition of the re-introduced sika deer during the transition period was studied; it was found that the main intake was composed of 12 families and 31 genera, of which Salix, Populus, Quercus, Betula and Artemisia is 46.48%, accounting for the main food intake. In the first 5 days of transition, food composition is highly correlated to the wild plant availability; after 10 days, a stable food preference was eventually formed. The stable compositions of food preference between re-introduced and wild deer were compared and the result showed that no the difference was not significant.2. As for the extraction and determination of cortisol content of the re-introduced sika deer, the results showed high and unstable levels in the feces (588.3ng/g±93.4), in the first 10 days, this indicates a strong stress response. However, its content decreased as a whole and,10 days later, its content stabilized at about 355.10±63.1 ng/g, which compares to the cortisol content of local wild deer. During this study, no sika deer experienced health issues due to stress; the stress response of the population in a non-predatory environment can reliably be eliminated in 10 days.3. From the behavior standpoint, instantaneous scanning methods were used to study the change in behavior during the transition period. The results showed that, in the first 10 days, the fluctuations in behavior time budget is higher; certain activity rhythm are recorded, but not in a stable way. In the transition field, after 10 days the activity rhythm stabilized into comparing to wild deer’s activity rhythm. It is worthy of note that the re-introduced sika deer, in the first 10 days, engaged more in to watching behavior than in foraging, indicating a high stress response. In the following 5 days, the foraging increased, the watching is still high, rumination is low; this is a key period, because of the influence of stress response on rumination, if not timely adjusted, may fatally affect on the deer’s metabolism.4. After 1 month in the transitional field, the deer were released in to the wild, and they were monitored by means of radio collars in order to carry out a habitat selection study. Meanwhile, by using automatic infrared camera, the local wild deer habitat selection was also studied. The results show that the re-reintroduced deer prefer slopes less than 25°, low shrub and tree density. Besides, the distance-to-water is as close as <500 m. Their preference is consistent to the sympatric deer’s in that they have the same tendency to choose small gradients and areas with a moderate tree density. However, the wild deer pay more attention in avoiding predators; in fact, they prefer to go upslope, walk longer distances to keep far from human disturbance and local human communities. In addition, the PCA analysis of re-introduced sika deer showed larger absolute coefficient related to slope, slope position, distance to water, and canopy; so these factors should be given priority in the study of the habitat selection.5. Generally, the fluctuations in behaviors due to stress adaptation in re-introduced sika deer are eliminated in 10 days, and then adjust to the norm. Therefore, in terms of management, a more stringent monitoring and a possible human intervention may be necessary at this early stage; it should also be arranged by employing trained and qualified staff, with good job preparation. As for the released sika deer, some differences with wild deer will still exist, especially in the predators’ avoidance; the management staff should promote the aggregation of the re-introduced sika deer with groups of wild deer, so that the adaptation process is accelerated.更多还原