【作者】 刘海波；

【导师】 谭忠富；

【作者基本信息】 华北电力大学(北京) ， 技术经济及管理， 2016， 博士

【摘要】 节能减排政策的深入实施,促进了以风电为代表的可再生能源发电装机容量迅猛增加,特别是在2005年出台《可再生能源法》后,到2014年风电容量从1260MW提高到114609MW以上。在2009年,中国成为世界上风电发展最快的国家,在2015年,中国风电新增装机容量已经达到世界第一,占全球新增风电装机的比重约为28.4%。但与快速增加的发电装机规模趋势相反的是,中国风电利用水平逐年下年,特别是中国东北地区风电低效利用问题更为突出。在漫长的冬季取暖月份必须利用热电联产火电机组的容量来满足供暖需求时火电机组调的峰能力大幅度减弱对于促进东北电网的风电利用是一个重大的挑战。由于传统的十分严格的计划体制特征的管制政策在中国电力市场的运营中起着支配作用。随着中国风电的快速发展,严格计划体制已经成为了弃风量不断增加的重要因素之一,这与利用政府强大的控制力来促进风电发展的初始目的相违背。如何调整现有风电并网机制,引入不同的方法和政策,建立完善的风电调峰机制,对于解决改善东北电网当前风电消纳瓶颈有着重要意义。因此,本文以东北电网为研究对象,开展了关于东北电网调峰辅助服务市场的相关研究,从改善现有调峰标准、建立风火发电权交易和借鉴两部制电价试点经验三个角度展开了火电深度调峰补偿机制完善及优化路径研究,具体研究内容及结论包括以下几个方面：(1)介绍了东北电网风电并网辅助服务市场的发展现状,提出了东北电网风电并网调峰辅助服务研究的背景意义,总结了澳大利亚、美国、新英格兰、北欧辅助服务发展现状以及中国东北区域、西北区域、华北区域和华中区域等六个区域辅助服务市场发展现状,并从机制设计、技术创新、政策制定等角度总结了风电调峰补偿国内外研究现状,为开展东北电网风电调峰辅助服务机制完善及交易优化模型的研究奠定了现实依据。(2)建立了东北电网现有调峰服务补偿机制调峰优化模型。首先,介绍了东北电网调峰辅助服务市场现状、问题及改善途径,主要途径有调整基本调峰率、完善考核机组发电计划完成率和拓展调峰补偿范围。然后,引入K-measn聚类分析方法,选取了火电机组调峰标准聚类指标,建立了火电机组调峰辅助服务补偿模型。最后,以东北电网为实例,算例分析显示所提模型能够用于设置东北电网风电基本调峰率,能够根据机组装机容量设定调峰率范围。(3)提出了东北电网火电调峰辅助服务成本测算模型。首先,分析了风电对火电发电绩效的影响,主要包括对火电出力的影响、对火电启停次数的影响和对火电发电煤耗的影响。然后,建立了火电机组参与风电调峰调度优化模型,主要包括风电出力场景模拟方法、火电调峰调度优化优化模型和调度模型求解算法三个部分。最后,以辽宁电网为实例对象,设定了基准弃风方案、中弃风方案、低弃风方案和零弃风方案,测算了辽宁电网火电参与风电调峰辅助服务成本。(4)构建了基于发电权交易的东北电网调峰补偿优化模型。首先,从发电权交易的基本内容与特点、交易方式与组织、交易撮合与结算三个方面介绍了发电权交易机制。然后,将风电发电商拟增发的弃风电量看作发电权,引入发电权交易建立了火电调峰效益优化模型,并提出了相应的求解算法。最后,引入合作博弈理论,建立了火电调峰补偿模型,并以辽宁电网为实例,对所提模型进行了实例分析,结果表明发电权交易能够分摊部分风电并网超额收益给火电机组,有利于激励火电参与风电调峰辅助服务。同时,Sharply值法能够根据各参与主体的贡献率重新分配风电并网超额收益,有利于均衡各市场主体的基本收益和促进风电调峰辅助服务市场的完善发展。(5)建立了基于两部制电价的东北电网调峰辅助补偿模型。首先,以完全竞争市场为背景,分别介绍了完全竞争市场的基本内容、MCP电价机制和两部制电价的基本内容。然后,构建了完全电力市场下火电调峰成本测算模型,主要包括风火电市场竞价收益模型、机组投资收益逆推模型和火电调峰成本测算模型。最后,建立了基于两部制电价的火电调峰补偿机制,并以辽宁电网为实例,对所提模型进行了实例分析,实例结果表明两部制电价能够用于指导东北电网调峰辅助补偿,在保障可再生能源发电基本收益的同时,通过设定电量电价为可再生能源发电提供电量电价收益,有利于激活风电调峰辅助辅助市场空间,均衡风电调峰辅助服务各参与方利益诉求。(6)提出了东北电网跨省调峰资源交易机制及改善途径。研究了促进东北电网风电大规模利用的跨省电力交易机制问题,主要包括五个内容,分别是国外促进风电大规模利用的电力交易及对中国的借鉴,中国跨省跨区电力交易分析,东北地区跨省跨区交易情况,现行中国跨省跨区交易机制限制风电大规模利用的主要因素,完善电力交易机制,促进东北电网风电大规模利用的政策建议。为了建立跨省调峰交易机制,引入发电权交易活跃电力市场,促进电力跨区交易。建立环境导向的电力交易定价机制,加大对电力交易信息披露的监管力度,并通过标杆管理增加电网公司消纳风电并网的积极性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Depth implementation of energy-saving policies promotes the rapid increase of renewable energy generation capacity, taking wind power as the representative, especially the introduction of the "Renewable Energy Law" in 2005, until 2014, wind power capacity increases from 1260MW to 114609MW. In 2009, China became the fastest growing country in wind power development. In 2015, China’s new wind power installed capacity occupies the first place, accounts for 28.4 percent of the world’s newly installed capacity. But the opposite with its trend is that China’s wind power utilization is gradually declining, especially the Northeast China. During the long heating months, in order to meet the heating needs, cogeneration units must be used, the declining of thermal power peaking capacity greatly is a major challenge for the promotion of wind power utilization for Northeast Power Grid. With the rapid development of China’s wind power, strict planning system has become an important factor in increasing the amount of abandoned wind. How to adjust the existing wind power mechanism, introducing different methods and policies, establishing and improving wind power peaking mechanism, plays an important role for Northeast Power Grid. This paper researches thermal power depth peaking-regulation compensation mechanism and path optimization from improving existing peaking standards, establishing wind and thermal power generation rights trading, and learning from two-part price pilot, the specific contents and conclusions are shown as following:(1) Describes the status of peak-regulation ancillary services market of Northeast Power Grid, proposes its background significance, summarizing ancillary services status of Australia, USA, New England, Northern Europe and six regions of China-Northeast, Northwest, North China, central China, and summarizes from foreign and domestic research status of wind power peaking compensation from mechanism designing, technological innovation and policy-making, which provides a realistic basis for researching on perfecting wind power peaking ancillary services mechanism of Northeast Power Grid.(2) Eestablishes peaking optimization model for existing peaking service compensation mechanism of Northeast Power Grid. Firstly, it introduces the status, problems and improved ways of peaking ancillary service market of Northeast Power Grid. Then, it introduces K-measn cluster analysis method, selects thermal power peaking standard clustering index, establishes thermal power peaking ancillary service compensation model. Finally, taking Northeast Power Grid as example, case study shows that the proposed model can be used to set power basic peaking rate for Northeast Power Grid wind, to set the range of peaking rate according to unit capacity.(3)Proposes thermal power peaking ancillary service cost estimation model for Northeast Power Grid. Firstly, it analyzes the power generation performance impact of wind power on thermal power, including the impact on thermal power output, start and stop times and coal consumption. Then, it establishes dispatching optimization model of thermal power unit involved in wind power peaking-regulation, including wind power output scene simulation method, thermal peaking-regulation dispatching optimization model and algorithm of dispatching model. Finally, taking Liaoning power grid as example, it sets four schemes-benchmark abandoned wind, medium abandoned wind, low abandoned wind and zero abandoned wind, estimates peaking ancillary services costs of thermal power involved in wind power for Liaoning Power Grid.(4) Builds peaking-regulation compensation optimization model based on power generation rights trading for Northeast Power Grid. First, it introduces power generation trading mechanism from basic contents and features, trading ways and organization, dealmaking and settlement. Then, taking wind power that intending to abandon as generation right, it introduces power generation rights trading to establish thermal power peaking-regulation benefit optimization model. Finally, it introduces cooperative game theory to build thermal power peaking compensation model, results show power generation rights transaction can share part of wind power excess returns to thermal power units. Meanwhile, Sharply-value method can redistribute wind power grid-connected excess returns based on the contribution of each participating body, which helps to balance basic earnings of each market players and promote the development of wind power peaking ancillary services market.(5) Establishes peaking-regulation compensation model based on two-part price for Northeast Power Grid. First, taking perfectly competitive market as background, it introduces the basic contents of perfectly competitive market, MCP price mechanism and two-part price. Then, it builds Thermal power peaking-regulation cost estimation model under perfect power market. Finally, it establishes thermal power peaking-regulation compensation mechanism based on two-part price. The results show two-part price can be used to guide peaking auxiliary compensation of Northeast Power Grid, it provides electricity price gains for renewable energy by setting electricity price, which helps activate wind power peaking auxiliary market space, balance interest demand of each participators.(6) Proposes inter-provincial peaking-regulation resources trading mechanism and improvement way for Northeast Power Grid.Research on inter-provincial power trading mechanisms of promoting the large-scale use of wind power for Northeast Power Grid, which mainly includes five contents-foreign inter-province power trade, the improved ways of inter-province peaking-regulation ancillary services trading and the policy opinions of inter-province peaking-regulation trading mechanism. In order to establish inter-provincial peaking trading mechanism, the introduction of power generation right transaction actives market, promotes power inter-provincial trading. It establishes power trade pricing mechanism taking environment as the guide, increases the supervision of power trading information disclosure, and increases the enthusiasm of wind power consumptive through benchmarking.更多还原