【作者】 周战伟；

【导师】 吴贻刚；

【作者基本信息】 上海体育学院 ， 体育教育训练学， 2016， 博士

【摘要】 在当前我国各行各业面临新常态下,加快发展方式转变是客观趋势,也是科学发展观的内在要求,更是改革开放和社会主义现代化建设全局的战略抉择。随着体育产业和全民健身上升到国家战略,进一步促使原有的竞技体育发展模式在不断加快调整和转型发展,特别是推动和实现竞技体育可持续发展的竞技体育后备人才培养进入到转变发展方式的攸关口。近些年上海提出了服务于体育强国的体育强市建设目标,竞技体育是重要标志,也是上海城市建设的一张重要名片。象征着上海“高度”和“速度”的姚明、刘翔等一批著名运动员的退役,在社会主义市场经济条件下上海竞技体育后备人才培养的任务越来越重,如何转变政府职能、整合资源主动适应市场化和社会化的发展要求,如何进一步由规模数量向竞技体育后备人才培养“精品”和提高质量转变,如何组织再造和制度创新构建符合上海城市特点的竞技体育后备人才培养保障机制,就成为了上海理论界和体育主管部门的一项重大课题。本研究围绕:“基于转变发展方式”与“上海竞技体育后备人才培养”问题,运用管理学、社会学、经济学、教育学、运动选材学、运动训练学、体育竞赛学、奥运项目青少年教学训练大纲及有关发展观理论、人力资源理论、目标导向理论和协同理论等多学科知识,通过历史脉络、文献资料、专家访谈、典型案例等研究方法的综合运用,实现理论与实践相结合。从理论和历史的视角,以努力转变发展方式为基点,以竞技体育可持续发展为切入点,厘清竞技体育后备人才培养的价值逻辑,借鉴国内外竞技体育后备人才培养经验,回顾国家及上海竞技体育后备人才培养的基本历程和阶段特征,分析以人的全面发展为视野下的上海体育、教育结合培养现状,以及基于政府管理职能转变的社会力量培养竞技体育后备人才创新,探究了上海着眼于质量和效益的青少年训练方式转变以及重在打基础与出人才的竞赛制度设计,在此基础上,借鉴国内外成功经验并结合上海特点,提出了基于发展方式转变的上海市竞技体育后备人才培养保障,以期为深化上海竞技体育改革、提高后备人才培养效益提供理论支撑和实践指导。本研究认为:一、青少年业余训练或课余训练是竞技体育后备人才培养的主要形式,是保证竞技体育可持续发展的关键所在。在社会主义市场经济的快速发展和改革深化的大背景下,上海以体育系统为主体的单一的竞技体育后备人才培养组织模式在加快向多元化发展方式转变。二、从国外的发展情况看,体育与教育结合、政府与社会结合是普遍规律。上海体育与教育结合的培养理念和目标体现了以人为本的全面发展,文化纳入教育系统的少体校和承办业余运动队的普通中小学都是在体教结合大框架下培养后备人才的重要组织形式;上海发挥市场配置资源的作用及政府购买服务等形式,鼓励和支持社会力量培养竞技体育后备人才的规模和效益不断放大,以政府、市场、社会为培养主体的创新组织格局在逐渐凸显。三、青少年体育训练是育人育才的最核心环节。充分结合上海城市地域集中狭小、相对人口较少等特点,结合青少年课外或业余时间训练的特点,遵循青少年选材和训练规律,借鉴最新国际青少年先进训练做法,以提高训练质量为目标,完善和改进青少年集中训练方式并创新构建提高单位时间内训练课质量的指标体系,正推进从传统训练向现代训练转变。四、青少年竞赛不同于成人或专业队、职业队的比赛,是检验青少年不同年龄段训练敏感期和训练任务的杠杆导向,其制度设计是与青少年身心发育规律和运动项目训练规律一致的,体现青少年人群特点和人的可持续发展。上海以提高竞赛效益为目标,从引导重金牌、出成绩向打基础、重全面和出人才转变,创新年度比赛(以青少年体育十项系列赛为案例)和四年一次综合性运动会,进一步构建青少年体育竞赛协同发展机制。五、实现组织再造、管理创新和制度优化是上海培养竞技体育后备人才的有效保障。针对三种障碍的问题导向,提出了政府在保障竞技体育后备人才培养中的角色和作用;组织再造正从单一体系培养向多要素协同支撑转变;管理创新正从“刚性”向“柔性”转变,职能部门变管理型为服务型;制度优化正从“物化”向“人化”转变,以人为本培养后备人才。更多还原

【Abstract】 At present, as every walk of life in China encountering new normal, accelerating transformation of development mode is an objective trend, a basic requirement of scientific development concept, and moreover, an overall strategic decision under the reform and opening-up policy and socialist modernization. With the sport industrialization and nationwide fitness being set as national strategy, original competitive sport development mode is driven to be in continuous and fast-paced adjustment and change; particularly, sport reserve talents cultivation of sustainable development of competitive sport has successfully come to its critical point. In recent years, Shanghai municipal government has drawn up the plan to be superior in sport in response to china’s effort for the sport power, in which competitive sport is a significant symbol as well as a name card of Shanghai. A batch of famous athletes representing Shanghai’s sport development have retired, such as Yao Ming(“Height of Shanghai”) and Liu Xiang(“Speed of Shanghai”). Their retirement has put a growing burden on the cultivation of sport reserve talents in the background of socialist market economy. As a result, major missions for Shanghai academic community and sport department start to concern how to transform the function of government and integrate resources to initiatively meet the requirements of marketization and socialization; how to further change cultivation system of sport reserve talents from large in size and quantity to the strength in quality; and how to reestablish an innovative reserve talents safeguard mechanism fitting in Shanghai’s characteristics.This dissertation realizes the integration of theory and practice by focusing on two issues that “based on transformation of development mode” and “cultivation of competitive sport reserve talents in Shanghai”; using multidisciplinary knowledge of management, sociology, economics, pedagogy, selection of sports talents, theories of sport training, study of sport competition, youth Olympic events training program and relevant development theories, human resource theory, goal orientation theory and synergy theory; applying research approaches such as historical line, literature study, experts interviews, typical case analysis. Researching from the perspective of theory and history, on the basis of painstaking effort to transfer development mode and by seeing sustainable development of competitive sport as starting point, the dissertation clarifies the value logic of the training program, refers to sport training experience home and abroad; reviews basic course and stage characteristics of the reserve talents training in the whole country and Shanghai; analyses current situation of Shanghai’s all-around development of education and the “combining physical training with education ”, and innovative reserve talents training performed by social force based on the change of government management; explores Shanghai’s change of juvenile training mode focusing on quality and effectiveness, and its design of competition system focusing on basic skills and talents-training. On those basis, by learning from successful experience home and abroad and integrating it with Shanghai’s characteristics, the dissertation proposes competitive reserve talents training guarantee in Shanghai based on the transformation of development mode so as to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the deepening of Shanghai’s competitive sport reform and promotion of training effectiveness.Conclusions of this study are as follows.1. Juvenile amateur sport training or after-class training is main form for cultivating sport reserve talents and is crucial to insure sustainable development of sport. In the context of fast-growing socialist market economy and profound reform, Shanghai is in rapid transformation from the simple training and organizing mode of reserve talents focusing on sport system to diversified pattern.2. With reference to sport development overseas, combining sport with education and government with society are universal disciplinarians. Shanghai embodies all-around people-oriented development in its concept and goal of “combining physical training with education”. Both sport schools which incorporate culture into sport and common elementary and secondary schools which organize amateur sport team are important form of the combination of physical training with education. Shanghai encourages and supports social force to train reserve talents and enlarge the scale and the effectiveness by giving full play to the role of market force in allocating resources and taking form of government purchases, gradually shaping an innovative training pattern based on government, market and social force.3. Juvenile sport training is the core part of education. With the aim to improve training quality, and by the way of fully combining Shanghai’s characteristics of geographical concentration and comparative small population, concerning the specialty that teens train in the spear time or after-class, complying with rules of juvenile athlete identification and training, referring to international advanced new training method to improve and perfect concentrated training method for teens and establish innovative indicator system to improve training quality of unit time, all of these are pushing traditional training mode turning toward the modern one.4. Juvenile competition is different from that of adult or professional. It serves as guidance to examine teen’s susceptible training periods and tasks of trainees in different ages. The systematic design of the competition is matched by rule of teen’s physical and mental development and sport training, presenting characteristics of teenagers and sustainable development of people. Shanghai aims at improving competitive benefits so as to catch attention from on the golden medals and champions to be on the basic, comprehensive skill and talents training and by organizing annual innovation contests(take junior ten series as an example) and comprehensive sport meeting held every four years to builds up coordination development mechanism for teen sport competition.5. Realization of reorganization, innovative management and optimization of system provides assurance for Shanghai to train reserve talents. Focusing on these three proposed orientations, this dissertation defines the role and the function of government competitive reserve talents training. Because all factors including training, competition and culture education have major impacts on reserve talents training, reorganized Shanghai research teams coordinately integrate with technology, administration, and cultural education. Their rigid management is turning into a flexible one, and the material-oriented system optimization is transferring to people-oriented one or an all-around education.更多还原