【作者】 于洋；

【导师】 王前；

【作者基本信息】 大连理工大学 ， 哲学、科学技术哲学， 2016， 博士

【摘要】 科学传播的异化现象,是指媒体在科学传播的过程中,有意或无意地违背科学精神和科学思想方法,以传播科学知识为名误导受众,打着科学的旗号宣扬伪科学和反科学内容的传播活动。这种现象并不是由于科学认识的局限性而产生的问题,因而并不包括那些处在科学假说阶段尚不精确的科学研究成果,也不包括在历史上存在但后来被证伪的科学研究成果。开展科学传播异化研究需要利用的相关理论资源,包括马克思的劳动异化理论、科学知识的社会建构论和麦克卢汉的媒介理论。科学传播的异化现象具有隐蔽性、盲从性、功利性、长期性的特点。本文着重研究以下四种科学传播的异化形式：第一,科普专题节目中的神秘现象。第二,在科幻作品中出现伪科学情节。第三,伪科学广告欺骗大众。第四,科学新闻报道的片面性。我国科学传播异化现象的产生,可以从科学知识的社会建构论的角度剖析其原因。首先有来自传播主体方面的原因。一方面,科技工作者未能充分发挥作用。有些科学家认为科学传播不应属于科学家的职责,而应该由媒体来承担。另一方面,非职业科学家的科学传播人员由于专业背景限制,使得他们不可能对所有传播内容都做出准确的判断。公众经由媒体获得的科学知识,是媒体根据其主观倾向重新建构的知识,这与科技发展的真实情况之间存在一定差距。其次有受众方面的原因。受传统思维方式注重直观体验特点的影响,使得很多人对科学采取盲目崇拜的态度,给披着“科学”外衣的科学传播异化现象创造了相应的社会氛围。传统思维方式对知识体系强调经世致用,导致许多人缺乏识别和抵制伪科学的能力。不成熟的市场经济心态和价值取向,也会助长科学传播的异化现象。此外,行业审查和主流舆论监督的缺位,也是导致科学传播异化现象产生的重要原因。最后还有科学教育方面的原因。由于应试教育对人才考核上偏重分数,缺乏对科学精神、科学思想方法的考核,造成了科学传播人才培养的缺陷,使得科学传播异化现象的发生难以根绝。借鉴麦克卢汉的媒介理论的观念和方法,可以提出解决科学传播异化问题的相应对策。首先应建立一支专业的科学传播队伍,这支队伍应包括各个领域的专家和从事科学传播的专业工作者,这些人应具备识别和防范科学传播异化现象的能力。其次,向大众传播科学思想、科学精神和科学方法。培养大众尤其是学生运用科学精神和思想方法解决一般社会问题的能力。为防止科学传播异化的发生,应建立科学传播的专业评估机制和问责机制。科学传播的媒体人的责任意识应该上升为一种道德情感,进而指导其科学传播实践。要从根本上杜绝科学传播异化现象,还需要建立遏制科学传播异化的社会环境。媒体应担负起社会责任,培养大众正确的价值观、利益观、伦理观。应鼓励公众对科学传播异化现象进行监督和揭发,使整个社会形成遏制科学传播异化的良好氛围。更多还原

【Abstract】 The alienation phenomenon of science communication is the activity that the media consciously or unconsciously violate the scientific spirit, thought and methods and spread pseudoscience and anti-science content to mislead the public under the name of transmitting scientific knowledge. Not caused by limited scientific knowledge, science communication alienation doesn’t include the imprecise results which are in the scientific hypothesis stage or existed results that have been falsified later. The theoretical basis for studying the science communication alienation includes the labor alienation theory of Marx, the social construction theory of scientific knowledge and the medium theory of Marshall McLuhan. The alienation phenomenon of science communication has the features of imperceptibility, blindness, utilitarian, chronicity.This paper mainly studies four types of science communication alienation:1. mysterious phenomena in special popular science TV programs; 2. pseudoscientific plots in fictional works; 3. cheating on the public in pseudoscientific advertisements; 4. one-sidedness of scientific report.Reasons that cause the alienation phenomenon of science communication in China can be studied from the perspective of social constructivism:Firstly, there are some reasons from communication subjects. On the one hand, scientific and technological workers do not give full play to their role in science communication. Because they don’t think they should take the duty of sic-tech communication but professional communication subjects should. On the other hand, non-scientist science communication workers are unable to make precise judgments on communication contents as the lack of professional backgrounds. Scientific knowledge transmitted to the public is selected and recombined by the media subjectively is different from the fact of the scientific and technological development. Secondly, it is a matter of audiences. Affected by the Chinese traditional way of thinking focuses on intuitive experience, therefore, the worship of sciences blindly, taking all sciences as right, creates social atmosphere for the alienation phenomenon of science communication with the coat of "science". Chinese traditional way of thinking requires knowledge system to be useful, which may easily make people neglect scientific spirit and lack the abilities of recognizing and resisting pseudoscience and anti-science content. Meanwhile, Immature market economic attitude and value orientation will inevitably contribute to science communication alienation. Moreover, the absence of industry review and supervision from public opinion is also the important cause of science communication alienation. Finally, there are problems incurred from science education. In China, the exam-oriented education prefers scores and knowledge correctness to scientific spirit, ideology and methods, especially suspicious and positive spirit. The defect of scientific talents’ training in exam-oriented education results in the lasting of science communication alienation.Using the idea and method of McLuhan’s theory of medium for reference, we can put forward the corresponding countermeasures to solve the problem of alienation of science communication as followings:1. it is necessary to establish a professional team for science communication including experts and professional workers from different fields. They should have the ability to identify and prevent the alienation phenomenon of science communication. 2. Transmit scientific spirit, thought and methods to the public. The public, especially students, should be trained to solve common social problems with scientific spirit, thought and methods.3. In order to prevent science communication from alienation, it is necessarily to establish professional assessment and accountability mechanism of science communication. The responsibility consciousness of media professionals, as moral feeling, should guide their practices.4. To fundamentally eliminate the alienation phenomenon of science communication, it is critical to establish a pubic atmosphere. In order to form a pubic atmosphere to curb science communication alienation, mass media should take the responsibility of training the public with right views of values, benefits and ethics, and encourage the public to supervise and disclose the alienation phenomenon of science communication by protecting the public initiative and enthusiasm.更多还原