【作者】 边红枫；

【导师】 盛连喜；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 环境科学， 2016， 博士

【摘要】 自然保护区作为区域现有自然资源最为丰富的地区,肩负着为整个区域提供生态服务、维持生态安全的责任。由于人类活动日益加剧,保护区内自然生态系统也随之发生变化,保护功能受到威胁,有效性下降。人类对生态系统的开发利用归根结底表现为不同的土地利用策略,土地利用变化改变生态系统过程,进而影响生态系统的服务供给。保护区的生态系统服务具有强烈的尺度特征,任何目标尺度的生态系统服务功能都要受到上一级(更大)或下一级(更小)尺度生态服务的影响。将保护区作为一个生态系统整体,置于更大尺度的流域背景下开展研究,揭示土地利用变化对生态系统服务的影响,认识保护区及所在流域生态系统服务关联,有效维持保护区内外物质流、能流及信息流的连通,对于优化保护区生态系统管理具有重要意义。本论文选择吉林省莫莫格自然保护区及其所在洮儿河流域作为研究对象,采用生态系统途径,将流域作为完整系统,基于生态学基本原理和生态系统管理理论,应用研究流域土地利用变化特征、景观格局及驱动因素,揭示流域土地利用变化对保护区内湿地面积和生态服务功能的影响,基于景观连通理论与廊道效应,确定流域与保护区连通路径,识别流域土地利用优化区并分析优化效应,最后提出基于湿地保护的流域土地利用格局的概念性优化方案,为保护区合理管理和功能恢复提供科学参考。本论文得出以下结论:(1)洮儿河流域土地利用类型以林地、草地和旱田为主,约占流域总面积的3/4,其余沼泽湿地、水田、盐碱地、水域、滩地、居民地类型占1/4。1989-2012年洮儿河流域土地利用格局变化显著,土地利用主要在沼泽湿地、盐碱地、滩地、、旱田、草地之间转换。2007-2012年土地利用动态变化最为剧烈,沼泽湿地、水域、滩地面积减少,向草地、旱田、盐碱地转换。(2)洮儿河流域景观格局研究表明:流域内景观斑块以2000年为界,呈现先降低再升高的趋势。沼泽湿地与流域呈现同样规律,2000年后斑块数量由1015个下降到423个,降幅58.33%;水域景观破碎度较大,沼泽湿地与盐碱地破碎度有加大波动,流域景观多样性指数达到2.3,景观优势度达到0.83,流域内景观类型较为多样,草地、林地、旱田为优势景观类型。(3)洮儿河流域土地利用变化的主要驱动因素是气候条件、人口数量(密度)、农业产值和政策法规。水域面积变化与当年降水量显著相关;沼泽湿地、盐碱地和滩地等土地利用类型面积变化与前一年气候因素(降水量、年均气温、相对湿度)显著相关;农村人口数(密度)、农业产值和社会政策法规的颁布实施是土地利用方式变化的主要人为驱动力。(4)洮儿河流域土地利用格局直接影响莫莫格保护区湿地面积。洮儿河流域土地利用程度指数与保护区沼泽湿地面积呈负相关(回归方程:y=-38622x+65707,R2=0.582);莫莫格保护区沼泽湿地变化动态度与流域草地、旱田、湖泊水库、水田、滩地和沼泽地动态相关;同时与流域土地利用的综合动态度显著相关。(5)利用InVEST评价模型重点对洮儿河流域湿地生态系统的固碳功能、水源涵养、水土保持、生物多样性保育以及水质净化等5项功能进行了动态评价。其固碳功能、土壤保持、生物多样性保育3项功能主要受流域内自然生态系统面积影响,流域上游森林和下游广布沼泽湿地对于流域生态服务功能贡献最大;莫莫格自然保护区固碳功能主要受沼泽湿地面积影响,土壤保持、生物多样性保育及淡水净化功能主要受草地、湿地等自然生态系统面积影响,水源涵养功能(产水功能)主要依赖于区域降水量的变化。莫莫格自然保护区生态服务功能的提升取决于区域降水及建立引水路径,实现流域上游涵养水源对下游保护区的补给。(6)根据景观生态学连通理论,基于莫莫格自然保护区沼泽湿地保护,提出洮儿河流域土地利用概念性格局优化方案。经过一至五级优化后,流域景观连通性分别增加34.79%、42.19%、47.16%、52.24%和56.12%。使得流域任意位置到莫莫格保护区的生态流服务功能阻力减小,极大提高流域与保护区的连通性,进而保护莫莫格沼泽湿地。更多还原

【Abstract】 The nature reserve as a region is abundant with nature resources. It has the duty to supply ecological service and maintain ecological security for the whole region. Due to the frequent human activity, the ecosystem in reserve is changed. As a result, the natural protection function was seriously threatened, the validity was reduced. The development and utilization of human to eco-system is ultimately presented by various strategies of land-use, which means land-use changes eco-system process and furthermore service supply to eco-systems. The services to eco-system in the reserve area are characterized by various scales, so any scale of services to eco-systems is affected by its larger scale of eco-system service. It will be of great significance for the optimization of management of eco-system to study the effect of land-use changes to eco-system service, and to reveal the correlation between reserve area eco-system service, hence to maintain the connections among material flow, energy flow and information flow effectively in regarding any preserve area as a whole eco-system inside a larger watershed background.This article took the Momoge national nature reserve and Tao’er river as the object of study, introduced the ecosystem as the approach, considered the basin as the integrated system, and combined with the ecology theory and the ecosystem management theory, to study the characters, the landscape pattern and the driver factors of the land use, to reveal the impact on wetland area and ecology service functions with the land use change. Based on landscape connectivity theory and corridors effect, the connect path of the basin and the reserve was confirmed. The basin soil was identified. The optimized effect was analyzed by the optimized area. Finally, it was proposed that based on the wetland reserve, the basin land use pattern was optimized to supply the scientific reference for the reserve rational management and the function restoration.The research results of this paper are listing as follows:(1)The main land use patterns of Tao’er River are woodland, grassland and glebe, the area is three fourths in the whole basin area. The others are marshland, paddy field, saline-alkali land, water area, bottomland and resident area which are one fourth. From1989 to 2012, the land use pattern of Tao’er River changed distinctly; the land use patterns are changed, the pattern maybe marshland, saline-alkali land, bottomland, grassland and glebe. From 2007 to 2012, the dynamic changes in land use were acutest, marshland, water area and bottomland are reduced. They are changed into grassland, glebe and saline-alkali land.(2) The landscape patterns of Tao’er River were investigated, we found that the quantity of the landscape patch in basin was from low to high in 2000. The marshland and the basin had the same rule. After 2000, the quantity of the landscape patch was decreased into 423, the falling proportion was 58.33%. The water landscape was destroyed seriously, marshland and saline-alkali land were also destroyed. The diversity index were 2.3, the landscape superiority degree is up to 0.83. The landscape patterns in basin are various. Grassland, woodland and glebe are the superior landscapes.(3) Weather conditions, the population(density), agriculture contribution, policies and regulations are the main driving factors of land use changes of Tao’er River. The water area changes are significantly associated with the precipitation of this year. The changes of marshland, saline-alkali land and bottomland are mainly affected by the previous year climate factors(temperature, precipitation and relative humidity). The implementation of rural population(density), social policies and regulations is the main human driving force of the changes in land use patterns.(4) The land use pattern of Tao’er River directly affects Momoge Reserve wetland area. There is negative correlation between the usage degree of Taoer River land and the marshland of reserve(regression equation: y =-38622 x + 65707, R2 = 0.582); The dynamics change degree of wetlands in Momoge Reserve is associated dynamically with the grass, dry land, lakes and reservoirs, paddy fields, beaches and marshes in the watershed, and is significantly associated with the comprehensive dynamic degree of land use in the watershed.(5)In VEST evaluation model is used to analyze the important services of Tao’er River wetland ecosystem dynamically mainly on the following aspects including carbon sequestration, water conservation, soil conservation, biodiversity conservation and water purification. Its 3 functions of carbon sequestration, soil conservation, biodiversity conservation are mainly influenced by the area of natural ecosystems in the watershed, of which the forest in the upstream and the wetland and marsh in the downstream have the largest contribution for watershed ecosystem services; the carbon sequestration function of Momoge Reserve is mainly influenced by the area of wetlands, and the function of water conservation(water production) mainly depends on the precipitation changes of this region, while its other 3 services including soil conservation, biodiversity conservation and water purification are mainly influenced by the area of grasslands, wetlands and other natural ecosystems. To enhance the ecosystem services of Momoge Reserve, it is necessary to ensure regional precipitation and establish proper water path to achieve water resource supply from the upstream to reserve in the downstream.(6) According to the communication theory in landscape ecology and based on the wetland protection of Momoge Reserve, a 5-level land use optimization scheme in Tao’er River watershed is proposed. After optimization from 1st level to 5th level, the landscape connectivity war increased respectively by 34.79%, 42.19%, 47.16%, 52.24% and 56.12%. As a result, the ecological service resistance from anywhere in the watershed to Momoge Reserve is reduced, and the connectivity of watershed and the reserve is greatly increased, therefore the Momoge wetlands get effective protection.更多还原