【作者】 张宇；

【导师】 王冰；

【作者基本信息】 华中科技大学 ， 行政管理， 2016， 博士

【摘要】 自然资本的概念源自于可持续发展思想,它强化了生态环境和自然资源作为人类社会发展“资本”的易损性和增殖性,可以作为自然资源的替代概念被纳入实证研究的范畴。具体来讲,自然资本是生态系统中能够有助于产生对人类有价值的商品和服务的环境资产存量,其有用性一方面包括水、大气、土壤等基本物质要素的直接使用价值和经济价值,另一方面还包括与人类社会交互过程中产生的美学、历史、娱乐价值,以及由此衍生而来的情感、文化、社会价值等等——多元价值是理解和评价自然资本的重要理论工具。在介绍了现实中个体环境偏好的非稳定性、非连续性,以及不同范畴内多元价值的不可比性、不可通约性等重要性质后,本研究以武汉市东湖风景区为具体对象,分别使用了条件估值法CVM和协商式货币估值法DMV,从公众价值认知及需求的角度对自然资本的多元价值进行了两轮测度研究。第一轮调查通过访谈问卷证明了多元价值的存在性,并形成了有关公众环境价值认知的统计结论；第二轮调查在此基础上引入了协商机制,验证了受访者环境偏好会随个体认知水平、信息接收方式,以及决策模式等条件变化而发生改变的研究假设,并进一步探讨了环境行为和决策中多元价值实现的问题。结合不同范畴内多元价值的特点和两轮调查的结果,本研究构建了一个“自然资本多元价值账户”以展示多元价值的类型、受益者群体、识别度、需求度,以及价值关系等重要内容,以期为解释和解决现实环境问题中的价值冲突提供参考。更进一步的,本研究结合两轮调查的受访者表述讨论了字典式及类似强烈偏好在环境选择行为中广泛存在的情况,并对个体环境偏好聚合为集体环境价值观念的过程进行了描述。研究认为,随着社会生活水平的提升,公众对自然资本多元价值的需求重心正不断地向多元的、长期受益的方向转移,而现实环境政策的价值目标与公众价值需求的不匹配,是当今许多环境冲突产生的原因之一。在第二轮调查中引入协商讨论环节,是在改变信息获取条件的情况下对受访者环境偏好的第二次测度,同时也是对实际环境决策过程的模拟。总结协商讨论的过程和效果,本研究认为协商作为一种重要的集体选择机制对促进自然资本多元价值的合理表达和实现具有积极作用——民主、充分的协商过程有效避免了决策者提出利己动机的决策主张,并且促进了决策者整体价值认知水平的提升,为持不同价值观的决策者提供了相互间妥协退让或补偿的机会,能够在很大程度上弱化不同受益者群体根据自身价值需求而施行环境行为或政策后所引起的价值冲突。更多还原

【Abstract】 The concept of natural capital is derived from the ideology of sustainable development. It strengthens the non-depletion and proliferation of ecological environment and natural resources as they are the "capital" of human social development, and therefore could be introduced into empirical studies as an alternative concept of natural resources. Specifically speaking, natural capital is the stock of the ecosystem’s environmental asset which helps to generate valuable goods and services to mankind. Its serviceability on the one hand includes the direct use value and economic value of water, atmosphere, soil, and other basic material elements, and on the other hand includes the aesthetic, historical, and recreational values it created during the interactive process with human society, as well as the spiritual, cultural, and social values derived from them ---- plural value is an important theoretical tool to understand and evaluate natural capital.After introducing the instability and discontinuity of individual environmental preferences, as well as the incomparability and incommensurability of plural values in different realms, this research chooses Wuhan East Lake Scenic Area as the specific object, and conducts two rounds of public value recognitions and demands-based measurement of the natural capital’s plural values by Contingent Value Method (CVM) and Deliberative Monetary Valuation (DMV) respectively. The first round of survey proved the existence of plural values by interview-questionnaire, and formed a statistic conclusion on public environmental value recognitions; and by introducing deliberation mechanism on this basis, the second round of survey validated the assumption that the interviewees’ environmental preferences may change with the conditions of individual cognitive level, information receiving pattern, and decision model, and further discussed the ways of plural value expression and realization of real environmental behaviors and policies.According to the characteristics of plural values in different realms and the results of two rounds of survey, this research structured a "Plural Value Account of Natural Capital" to demonstrate the types of plural values, their beneficiary groups, recognition degree, demand degree, and important value relations, etc., so as to provide evidences to explain or solve the value conflicts of environmental problems. Furthermore, according to the interviewees’ statements, this research discussed the widespread existed lexicographic, or similar strong preferences, and described the process that individual environmental preferences aggregate into collective environmental views. This research believes that, with the constantly improvement of social livings, the public value demands on natural capital is nowadays shifting towards a multiple and long-term beneficial way, and thus the mismatch between the value goals of environment policies and the value demands of the public is one of the factors that cause environmental conflicts today.Introducing deliberative discussion into the second round survey is not only a preference measurement under the condition of information access changes, but also is a simulation of actual environmental decision-making process. By analyzing the procedure and effect of the deliberative discussion, this research suggested that, as a kind of collective selection mechanisms, deliberation plays positive roles on the expression and realization of natural capital’s plural values ---- democratic and sufficient deliberation effectively avoids decision makers proposing self-interested motives-based policies, and promote the overall value cognitive level of the decision makers. And besides, deliberation provides opportunities for decision makers who hold different value demands to compromise in the negotiation or compensate each other, therefore, to a large extent, it could alleviate the value conflicts caused by different beneficiary groups who perform environmental behaviors or policies according to their own value demands.更多还原