【作者】 刘炜；

【导师】 郑文范；

【作者基本信息】 东北大学 ， 科学技术哲学， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 技术的高速发展给人们带来希望和便利的同时,也产生了一系列的副作用,然而技术的地位和作用使我们不能仅停留在外围的探讨上,溢美之辞或口诛笔伐无助于技术与人的和谐发展。从语境论的视角对技术设计的过程进行研究,关注技术设计中的多重异质性因素之间的相互作用及其对技术物的形成和发展产生的重要影响,阐释技术系统复杂动力机制及其演进过程,揭示不断变化的语境对技术发展所产生的作用,具有重要的理论价值和现实指导意义。从语境的角度分析技术设计,技术设计是人与自然实践关系的方式之一。技术设计是人们为了满足自身需要,基于对自然规律和自然界的物质、能量和信息的利用,以技术手段来创建、控制、应用、改造人工自然系统和生产技术人工物,从而形成一种新的合理生活方式的创造性活动。在实践中,技术设计不仅需要进行技术试验,还需要经过社会化的检验,在实验和检验中不断获得新的信息,在不断的试错中改进设计。即使在扩散和应用的过程中,还需要根据特定的社会语境和用户需求进行再设计,以满足具体的需求。从技术设计的发展历程看,如果我们将以前称之为革命时期的阶段放大,就会发现很多技术革命并不那么具有革命性,倒是更具有进化的特征。之所以能用进化论的观点分析技术设计,就在于技术设计与生物进化继承和发展两个方面具有相似性。继承是指在一定程度上,子辈在结构或者功能方面与父辈某种相似。技术设计与生物的进化一样,方向是多维的,是环境决定了进化的方向,而这种方向就是在结构上不断复杂化,功能上不断复合化,环境的适应能力越来越强。从进化论的视角分析技术设计,并不是要否定和排除设计者在其中的作用,相反,正是由于设计者的作用,技术设计的进化才得以成立。就单个具体的技术设计而言,设计者的主导作用是明显的,但就整个人类的技术设计而言,进化才是其发展的样式。技术作为人类的一种存在方式,是与人类相伴而成的,技术设计也是在特定的自然条件和社会条件下存在的,语境是技术的现实存在场域。然而语境所包含的内容异常丰富,既有客观的时空因素,也有社会的政治、经济、文化等因素,还有个体的气质、个性、心理等主观因素。在技术设计的过程中,语境是内在于技术设计的外在关联域。技术设计是为了满足特定语境的需求,在本质上属于对特定语境的适应,优越的技术设计往往是那些能够适应语境的方案,而不单单取决于设计方案的技术优越性或对设计方案的盲目支持。将技术设计放在语境中进行考察和分析,为真实揭示技术设计活动的本质及其运行规律提供了新路径。因为语境的视角能够更加客观真实的描述技术的设计的实践过程,更加准确的揭示技术发展的本质和规律。从工业革命以来的设计史看,技术设计长期充当着手段的角色,始终是企业盈利的工具,刺激着人们潜在的欲望,诱发了人们畸形的幸福观和生活方式,成为了不可持续发展的帮手。在可持续发展的当前语境中,技术设计需要做出调整才能承担起它应该承担的角色。从根本上来说,就是要将技术设计的“以消费为本”、“以利润为本”转变为“以人为本”、“以自然为本”,向“可持续技术设计”的方向发展。可持续技术设计并非以技术物为设计目标,而是提倡整合技术物及其生产和相关服务,以形成可持续的技术解决方案,在满足人类特定需求的同时减少资源的消耗和对生态环境的破坏。“可持续技术设计”不仅是对技术物生产和使用环境的设计,也是对人类生存和生活方式的设计,这对设计者的价值观提出了新要求。设计者在对待“可持续”问题上,要跳出工程技术人员的思维方式,创造性地设计“解决方案”,并通过成果传播和推广可持续的价值观,它所涉及的不仅仅是设计形式、设计方法,更重要的是设计观念的根本变革,反映的是更为深刻的时代背景。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the rapid development, technology brings us hope, convenience, and a series of side effects. Because of the status and role of technology, the investigation can not only stay on the periphery, which does not contribute to the harmonious development of technology and human. From the practical context, technology design should concern the important influence of multi-factor, the dynamic mechanism and its evolution in the process, the role of the changing context, so this study has important theoretical and practical significance.From the practical context view, technology design is one way of the relationship between man and nature. If we want to analyses the technology design clearly, which need the analysis of technical design itself. In order to meet our needs, technology design which base on the law of nature, matter, energy and information, is a new reasonable and creative activity, which is to create, control, apply, alter the systems of technology artifact. In practice, technology design requires technical experience, social test, and obtains new information from the test and experience, improves the design from the constant trial and error. Even in the process of diffusion and application, it also needs to re-design according to specific social context and user requirements.From the development process of technology design, if we magnify the revolution stages, you will find it’s not so revolutionary, but more evolutionary. The reasons why we are able to analyze technology design from the evolutionary point of view are the similarities of inheritance and development between technology design and biological evolution. Inheritance refers to the generation of the structure and function in a certain similarity with their parents. As biological evolution, the evolutionary direction of technology design is multidimensional, and is determined by the environment, and the direction is the complexity of structure, the composites of function, and the ability of adapting to environment. From the evolutionary view, technology design dose not deny the role of designer. On the contrary, because of the role of designer, the evolution of technology design is able to set up. On the specific technology designs, the leading role of designer is obvious, but on the technology design itself, evolution is the development style.The existence of technology design needs specific natural and social conditions, so context is the actual fields of technology. However, the content of context is abundant, including objective factors of time and space, social, political, economic, cultural and other factors, but also the individual temperament, personality, psychology and other subjective factors. In technical design process, context is the external field of technology design. Technology design is to meet the needs of specific context, the essence belongs to adapt to the specific context. The superior technology designs are often those which can adapt to context, not just depend on the technical superiority and blind support programs. From the context view, we can find the nature and operation rules of technology design, because context reveals the nature and laws of technological development.Since the Industrial Revolution, technology design acts as a means of profitable business and people’s desire, induces the deformity concept of happiness and lifestyle, and becomes the helper of unsustainable development. In the current context of sustainable development, technology design needs to make adjustments and assume its role. Fundamentally, it should be change the "consumer-oriented" and "profit-oriented" of technology design to "people-oriented" and "nature-based", towards sustainable technology design. The aim of sustainable technology design is not artifact, but to form sustainable technology solutions to meet the specific needs and reduce the consumption of resources and the eco-environment. Sustainable technology design is not only the design of artifact and the use environment, but also the design of lifestyle. In the treatment of "sustainable", designers should get out of the way of technical and engineering thinking. Spreading the sustainable values, this involves not only the design form, design method, but also the fundamental change and profound historical background in design concept.更多还原