【作者】 陈颖；

【导师】 徐大明；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 研究目的:本研究旨在通过美国华人社区中华人的语言使用情况与外部社会因素的关系及其变化规律的探讨,来揭示全球华语社区的演变机制。基本成果:本文通过实证调查,发现美国华人社区中双语型华人的比例较高;语言在不同语域中的使用情况体现出明显的层级性,英语普遍应用于华人的对内对外的绝大部分交际领域,在正式的语言交际场合使用频率最高,是社区中的"高层语言";标准汉语的使用范围与英语相当,在相对随意、次要的交际场合中成为华人使用频率最高的语言,是为社区中的"中层语言";广东话虽然使用的范围不及英语和标准汉语,但仍为社区中使用人数最多的汉语方言;客家话等其他方言在社区中维持着有限的使用几率,而且仅出现在华人共聚性高的场景,并在家庭中开始萎缩,是华人社会内部的"低层语言"。社区中中英夹杂现象普遍,华人在语言能力、语言使用及语言认同方面均呈现不同程度的代际变迁,年龄越大的华人,对方言的掌握程度和使用几率比年轻华人要高,相反对英语和标准汉语的掌握和使用几率较低。此外,华人的性别、年龄、母语、祖籍、文化程度、在美国居住的时间、移民来美国时的年龄、学习语言的时间以及在美国居住的区域类型等因素,对他们的语言使用和语言认同有着不同程度的制约;华人的语言使用、语言能力、语言态度、对语族社会影响力的主观评价和族群认同等几个方面,是相互影响的,个中关系构成了华语社区的一致性。研究意义:本研究对于言语社区理论的丰富及汉语的对外传播规划的制定有一定的参考和借鉴意义。理论方面,丰富了学界关于美国华人社会的研究,为社会语言学对于海外华人多语现象和语言认同的研究积累了原始材料和比较的个案,补充和加深了"言语社区"理论关于其社区内部层次结构和演变机制等内容的探讨。应用方面,本文通过调查美国华人社会语言生活的现况,以及海外华裔在母语和文化传承方面存在的问题,反映了海外华人社会中不同语言使用的竞争态势,为相关部门制订相应的海外汉语传播政策提供可资借鉴的依据。主要见解:本文认为,认同华语不应仅定义为使用华语诸变体及对其持有积极的语言态度,还应增加社区成员对华人身份的认同和肯定华人群体的政治、经济地位及族群文化价值作为考量标准。它反映的是说话人为表明自身华人的身份,通过华语使用等具体行为,不断与外部社会互动从而建构起关系的过程。其本质是以"使用华语"为主,以华语与社会诸要素之间能动的互动实践为辅的动态立体模式。论文结构:全文共七章:第一章绪论分别介绍论文的研究背景、研究问题、研究意义和研究方法和几组重要的术语。第二章围绕言语社区的理论和实证研究展开述评,并阐述了本文的研究设想。第三章紧扣言语社区的构成要素,介绍了美国华人社区的历史发展和现状。第四章是对美国华语社区语言使用的实况调查;第五章分析影响美国华人语言使用的因素,并进一步揭示华人的语言使用、语言态度与语言认同之间的关系,论证了华语社区的"一致性"。第六章先详析"华语认同"的涵义,然后对全球华语社区理论模型及其演变机制做了构拟和预测。第七章是本文的总结,反思和对未来研究的展望。更多还原

【Abstract】 Purpose of study.This study aims to discuss the relationship between language use and external social factors in the American Chinese folk’s community,reveals how the global Chinese community evolve.Results of this thesis are as follows:(1)bilingual people occupied the great proportion in the Chinese community;(2)language use in different domain has its graded structure:English,as the high level language,generally used in the internal and external association circumstance,especially is the communication means with supreme frequency in the formal language communication occasions.The range of use of the standard Chinese language,considered as the middle-level language of Chinese community,weigh against English,used with the highest use frequency in relatively informal.The scope of using Cantonese less than English and the standard Chinese and English,but has the largest number of speakers among many kinds of Chinese dialects.At the same time,some other dialects such as Hakka,which are identified as low languages in Chinese community,theirs opportunities are obviously limited and appear atrophy in the Chinese family;(3)Chinese mingled with English words is a prevalent Phenomenon in American Chinese community;(4)Chinese people show marked intergenerational differences in their language ability,language use and language to varying degrees,the older Chinese are,the more likely that they master the higher degree of dialects and use them with more frequency than younger Chinese,On the contrary,the lower degree of English and the standard Chinese and use them with less frequency.(5)In addition,such as sex,age,mother language,ancestral home,cultural degree,the length of Chinese’ stay in the United States,immigration age,time they spend with the languages,the type of living in the U.S.and so on that influence their use of language;(6)there are relationships between language use,language attitudes,language ability and competence,subjective assessment about the social influence of their language family and ethnic identity,and they make Chinese community present some "consistency" and "difference" within limits.Meaning of study.The research has some practical value to rich the theory of Speech community and the spread of the Chinese planning.At the theoretical aspect,this paper can not only enrich the research content on the American Chinese immigrants,but also can accumulate the original material and provide a case of comparison on multilingualism and language identity of overseas Chinese,especially a supplement about research on the layer of structure and evolution mechanism of speech community.In the application part,this paper reveals the status of language life and the problems about native language maintaining and cultural inheritance of American-born Chinese reflects different language competition situation of overseas Chinese society.It is helpful to offer theoretical foundation for the government’s supervision department to make relevant policies corresponding spreading Chinese overseas.Main ideas of study.This paper argues that,"Huayu identity" not only means speaking and give a very positive evaluation on mandarin or other Chinese dialects,but it also should be understood as an awareness of Chinese identity,community members,and acknowledge the status and value of different ethnic group with Huayu as the representative in political,economic status and ethnic culture.Consequently"Huayu Identity" should be regarded as the practice of community members rather than fixed social definitions of category;it is a reflection of the relationship built by speakers’ using Chinese languages in the process of social interaction.And it actually is a kind of dynamic stereoscopic structure model,which presents using Huayu by some speakers,aiding by the interaction between the Chinese language and social elements.The synopses of the 7 chapters in this thesis are as follows:Chapter 1 gives an outline of the thesis and introduces the background,research issue,the meaning of this research,research methods and innovations,finally definitions of specific key words.Chapter 2 is a systematic review of all the literature about the development of theory of Speech Community and empirical study,as well as research hypothesis.Chapter 3 centers around five key elements of Speech community,on the history of the Chinese community in the United States and developing status.Chapter 4 provides significant findings of the survey on language use and language identity of American Chinese Community.Chapter 5explores the influence factors of language use and language identity reveals the relationship between language use,language attitudes and language identity,so as to demonstrate consistency of the Chinese community.Chapter 6 reconstructs a new Global Chinese Community Model on the theoretical basis of summary the meaning of "Chinese language identity",and gives a prediction its evolution mechanism.Chapter 7 is conclusion,mainly limitations of the study and prospection.更多还原