刑事政策场域中的犯罪被害人研究

【作者】 宣刚；

【导师】 蔡道通；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 刑法学， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 布迪厄的场域范式为刑事政策分析提供了一个全新的视角和方法。场域范式下的刑事政策是国家在合理组织对犯罪的反应中建构的,以犯罪人、犯罪被害人和司法机关等行动主体之间的互动为内容,以刑事权力竞争和争夺为灵魂的客观关系网络和空间。刑事政策场域的基本因素包括：在掌握刑事权力的行动者或机构与其他行动者之间发生的支配型关系；由事实和法律层面对立形成的对立型关系；由司法机关内部之间、司法机关和社会力量之间为抗制犯罪被害人保护开展的协作型关系；这些关系的互动和交织既赋予刑事政策场域生命力,又决定了刑事政策场域的紧张状态。由此,犯罪被害人作为刑事政策场域中的行动者,既受刑事权力的主导和制约,又以自身的行为积极接近和影响刑事权力,是刑事政策场域运作中事实建构的行动者。作为行动者的被害人,在刑事政策场域中为接近和影响刑事权力的运行,基于合法化或合理化逻辑而采取问题化、资本争夺等行为策略。犯罪被害人的行动策略及其实践逻辑提醒我们：行动者的策略不是理性建构的产物,不是纯粹的感性冲动,而是一种经验和可以理解的实践逻辑。由此,刑事政策场域在应然意义上蕴含着犯罪被害人、司法机关、犯罪人等以行动者主体为标志的不同策略活动的系统、复杂活动,从而在刑事政策体系中提倡一种犯罪被害人刑事政策。从逻辑范围和内容上看,犯罪被害人刑事政策有别于犯罪抗制为单一主旨的传统刑事政策,不以犯罪被害人国家补偿为唯一追求,也不仅仅在于提升犯罪被害人的权利数量和质量,更与恢复性司法在被害人关注阶段和运行机制上存在着差异。犯罪被害人刑事政策旨在建构体现“行动者-场域”互动的关系型刑事政策生成模式,凸显刑事政策上“垂直维度”向“水平维度”的转换的动力机制；法哲学根基在于有效回应刑事政策动态开放的逻辑内在性要求,又为刑事政策的合法性提供了权力之外的外部力量来源；根本目的是藉由这一行动策略及其结构化进程,实现犯罪被害人(更多是潜在的被害人)对现有的刑事权力运行的“系统信任”。被害情绪和情感是两种不同层次的情感现象,不能不加区分的贴上“非理性”标签。被害情感是一种复合、多元的情感系统,以愤恨、抚慰和宽恕为代表的被害情感的相互交织、互动,共同促成了刑事政策场域中被害人的行为选择,也揭示了其行动策略。由此,刑事政策场域中的被害情感在广为诟病的非理性和情绪化标签之外,不仅仅是被害人的个体主观认识和刺激反应,更是一种值得重视的社会现象和人际关系,后者一定程度上奠定了刑事政策的合法性基础。借助被害人教义学的辅助性和自我答责原则,可以从事实和法律两个层面限制被害情感非理性的成分,为被害人刑事政策提供价值基点。在刑事政策场域中检视和观察被害人存在样态、行动策略及其背后的情感基础和逻辑,一方面,旨在跳出“纯粹的法律评价的范围”,对传统刑事政策忽视的被害人根基性命题进行“揭示”和剖析,完成犯罪被害人刑事政策的法理学论证和阐述；另一方面,更要回归“刑法规范”的评价视野,在刑法教义学的框架内探求被害人影响刑事立法、司法和行刑政策的制度性进路和规范化限制,它包括了类型化和一体化的两个进路。前者要求对被害人的人身特征和行为特征做类型化的区分,为法律适用摆脱偶然和专断提供基础；后者包括：在被害人影响入罪规范上,要坚持法益保护原则、刑法的最后保障原则和刑罚的有效性原则；在被害人参与刑事司法规范上,要注意开源和节流的相互协调,既要增加法律公共产品的制度供给,又要逐步实现被害人参与渠道和方式的规范化；在被害人认同行刑规范上,要注意程序正当和主体参与的一致性,才能实现行刑的有效性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Bourdieu’s field paradigm provides a brand new method for the analysis of criminal policy. The criminal policy field below the field pattern is built in the reaction to the crime by national organization of state. It contains the interaction between criminal, criminal victim, judicial organs and other subjects as the content, at the same time, conveys the core of the competition of judicial right in a objective network and environment. The basic factors of this paradigm include:a dominant-dominated relationship between the holder of criminal power and other parties, an opposite relationship of the fact and law, a coordinated relationship between the judiciary and the social remedies of victim protection. The interaction and the mixture of these relationships not only endow the criminal policy with life but also determine the tense status of the criminal policy. Thus, as one of the actors in the field of criminal policy, the criminal victoms are not only restricted and dominated by judicial power, but also get close to and impact on it actively.As a objective actor of building judicial policy field, to get approach and impact on the judicial power, victims make strategy selection based on problem or capital-oriented strategy. The action strategy and the behavior logic of criminal victim reminds us:the strategy of victoms is not the production of rational analysis or pure perceptual impulse, but a kind of understandable practical logic based on experience. Therefore, the criminal policy field contains the complicated strategies of victims, judicial organizations and criminals, which lead to the victim policy that we pursue. In logic scope and content, the victim’s criminal policy is different from the traditional one-goal judicial policy, victim criminal policy doesn’t solely focus on the national remedy or enhance the rights of victims. It’s also different from the operation mechanism of remedy justice. The victim criminal policy aims at "actor-field" interactive relationship to produce a judicial policy, to highlight the dynamical mechanism to make judicial policy convert from vertical dimension to horizontal dimension. The legal foundation of this approach is that:on the one hand. it effectively responds the internal demand of an open and dynamic logic judicial policy. On the other hand, it provides an external physical strength source out of power for legitimate criminal policy. The fundamental purpose is, by using this strategy or structure process, to achieve the "systematic trust" on existing criminal power.Compared with emotion, the mood of victims is on a different level, it cannot be tagged as "irrational" mood. Victim emotion is a complex emotional systemThe mood of resentment, comfort and forgiveness interact, contribute to victim’s behavior choice in the field of criminal policy. It’s also reveals its action strategy. Thus, other than the criticized "irrational" tags, victims mood should be recognized as not only a subjective personal acknowledge and stimulated reaction, but also a social and interpersonal relationship phenomenon that must be paid attention to. Victim mood, in some degree, builds the foundation of legitimacy basis of the criminal policy. By using subsidiary victim’s dogmatism principle and self-responsibility principle, we could provide victim’s criminal policy for value basis, from law and fact two levels. Discovering and reviewing the status, action strategy and mood of victims in the criminal policy field, we could not only break the restrictions of pure judicial scope, reveal and analyze the basis of victim issue, complete the jurisprudence study of criminal victim’s criminal policy, on the other hand, which is more important is that, it brings us return to the ’criminal law’ evaluation perspective, searching the institutional approach and standardization limitation from the framework of doctrine of criminal law victim criminal legislation, justice and execution policies, it includes two route both internal and external. The internal route requires the distinction of victim’s personal and behavior characteristics to avoid arbitraries. The external route includes, taking principle of legal interest protection, the last safeguard law principle and the effectiveness of punishment principle in to account as the judicial standard. In the participation of victims in the criminal justice, we need to pay attention to the coordination between public legal system supply and the normalizing of the form of victims participate in criminal justice. It’s also ought to pay attention to the consistency of the procedural justice and the participants based on the agreement of victims of the execution.更多还原