【作者】 吴仁烨；

【导师】 郑金贵； 叶大鹏； 邓传远；

【作者基本信息】 福建农林大学 ， 持续发展与推广学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 空气负离子被誉为“空气维生素”、“生长素”、“长寿素”,被世界卫生组织列为衡量空气质量的一个重要指标,其浓度是评价空气质量的关键。负离子不但能杀菌、降尘,特别是具有预防疾病的功能。人类在经历了“煤烟型”和“光化学烟雾型”污染之后,正在进入以“室内污染”为标志的第三代污染期。因此,改善室内空气质量,提高并保持室内负离子浓度十分必要。本研究对功能型植物高效释放负离子及其发生器进行研究。主要结果如下：1、常态下植物释放负离子浓度的检测。在密封的玻璃室(80cm×80cm×80cm)内,对龙舌兰科等9个科中的36种植物释放负离子浓度的日变化规律进行研究,结果表明：36种植物中,24h释放负离子浓度的极值,玉翁(Mammillaria hahniana)释放的负离子浓度值最大为49 ion.cm-3,拜岁兰(Cymbidium sinense)最低,为18 ion·cm-3;以24h的均值来看,虎尾兰(Sansevieria trifasciata)释放负离子浓度值为27 ion·cm-3,位居第一,是对照的1.5倍。植物在不同时段产生的负离子浓度值除个别植物变化幅度较大外,大部分植物在全天的浓度值都较为平稳。在自然状态下,植物释放负离子的能力很弱,远难于满足人们对健康的需求,迫切需要研制一种可激发植物高效释放负离子的装置。2、植物负离子激发装置的研制。对植物负离子激发装置的系统原理进行了分析与研究,确定了激发装置的系统结构,研制出了新型、高效植物负离子激发装置,有效解决了高压窜入、数字显示电路的抗干扰性和稳定性、输出脉冲峰值电压、脉冲间隔和脉冲频率可调等关键性问题,使激发装置具备系统稳定和易于操作等优点。在植物负离子激发装置产生的不同强度的脉冲电场作用下,释放负离子的能力不同,因此研究出每种植物高效释放负离子最佳的脉冲电场参数十分关键。3、研究出不同CAM植物所特有的激发其高效释放负离子的最佳脉冲电场参数。利用植物负离子激发装置对植物根际土壤施加脉冲电场刺激,发现以景天酸代谢为代谢途径的植物(CAM植物)在脉冲电场的作用下,释放负离子的效果最好,并检测其释放负离子浓度的变化,研究结果表明：(1)利用植物负离子激发装置生成的脉冲电场刺激CAM植物根际土壤时,其释放负离子的浓度显著提高,且对CAM植物施加不同强度的脉冲电场,其释放负离子的能力也不同,以文竹(Asparagus setaceus ’Nanus’)最为显著,当施加平均输出电压Um=20kV、脉冲间隔T=0.5s和脉冲宽度τ=65ms的脉冲电场时,其释放负离子浓度均值可达2603613 ion· cm-3,是常态下释放量的108484倍。采用3因素(Um、T和τ)4水平的正交试验设计,研究出19种CAM植物各自所特有的高效释放负离子的最佳脉冲电场参数,以文竹为例,其高效释放负离子的最佳脉冲电场为：Um=15kV、T=0.5s和τ=35ms；(2)在施加脉冲电场(Um=15kV、T=1.0s和τ=50ms)刺激的情况下,壤土、黏土和沙土释放负离子的浓度均值较常态下有所提高,但增幅很小,其中以黏土释放量最高,浓度值为204ion·cm-3,为常态下释放量的8.5倍,而以沙土的释放量最低,值为92 ion·cm-3;(3)对种植在壤土、黏土和沙土3种不同类型的土壤中的文竹释放负离子浓度进行检测。在自然状态下,释放负离子的浓度值都相近,且数值很低,测得最高浓度均值仅为44 ion·cm-3;在施加脉冲电场(Um =15kV、T=1.0s和τ=50ms)刺激情况下,3种不同土壤类型的文竹释放负离子的浓度显著升高,其中以种植在沙土中的文竹,在电场刺激持续60 min时的释放量最高,浓度均值达886814 ion·cm-3,为自然状态下的20154倍,而以黏土型文竹在刺激时间为20 min时的释放嚣最低,浓度均值为112229ion·cm-3,以壤土型文竹居其中。种植在沙土中的文竹,在施加脉冲电场刺激下,其释放负离子浓度均值均高于同一刺激条件下的其他土壤类型文竹的释放量。4、CAM植物高效释放负离子的机理研究。通过研究CAM植物叶片表皮气孔、CAM植物体上电压与释放负离子能力间的关系,结果表明：(1)通过对CAM植物根际土壤施加一定强度的脉冲电场,发现到达植株体的电压出现不同程度地衰减,测得14种CAM植物体上的电压范围为1.40kV-1.60kV,而以文竹植株体的电压最大,值为7.8 kV,植株上的电压越大,相应的释放负离子浓度均值就越大。以文竹最为显著,负离子浓度为236307ion·cm-3,为15种CAM植物中的最高者；以长寿花(Kalanchoe blossfeldiana)植株上的电压最低为1.4kV,相应的负离子浓度均值也最低,为44ion·cm-3;(2)用导线将植株与物理地或地线相连接,结果发现植物体的电压迅速下降,相应的负离子释放量也急剧下降。用导线将植株与物理地相接,大部分电压被释放到物理地,多数植株上的电压范围为0.44-1.00kV,植物所释放的负离子量也大幅下降。以长寿花最为显著,植株体的电压为0kV,负离子浓度为13ion·cm-3,与常态的释放量无异；将植株与地线相连接时,所测植株体的电压范围为0.00-0.56kV,所释放负离子的浓度与各植株在常态下的释放量相近,部分植物略高于常态释放量,但增幅都很小；(3)大部分CAM植物在经脉冲电场刺激后,其叶片表皮气孔明显增大,相应的负离子的释放量也出现倍增。以吊兰(Chlorophytum comosum)表现最为显著,脉冲电场刺激后叶表皮气孔面积由原来的931.52μ肌2扩大至3471.88 μm2,是常态下的3.7倍,相应的释放负离子的浓度均值由常态的18 ion·cm-3激增至616480ion·cm-3,为常态释放量的3425倍。5、植物源负离子发生器的研制。在完善使功能型植物高效释放负离子激发装置的基础上,对大量的不同类型的CAM植物进行研究鉴定,发现12种CAM植物经植物负离子激发装置产生的脉冲电场刺激后,能高效释放负离子,并确定了文竹等12种不同CAM植物高效释放负离子所需的最佳脉冲电场参数,研制出以文竹等为植物源负离子发生器的首选植物,对植物源负离子发生器配套技术进行完善。更多还原

【Abstract】 Negative Air Ions (NAT) were regarded as Air vitamin, growth hormone, longevity element. And its concentration was also designated as a key index to measure air quality. NAI not only had the function of dust-settling and sterilization, but also had function of disease prevention. It was good for health. After the "soot-type" and "type of photochemical smog" pollution, human beings was entering into the modern "indoor air pollution" as a symbol of the third generation of pollution period. Therefore, it significantly improved intramural air quality, by improving and retaining intramural NAI concentration. In this research, by conducting investigation in functional type plant to produce NAI efficiently and its generator by which plants could efficiently generate more NAI. Main results were as follows:Firstly, detection of NAI concentration generated by plants in natural state.Through investigation in 36 plants species as experimental material in sealed glass chamber with the dimensions 80x80x80cm, it was showed as following. In the 36 species, Mammillaria hahniana generated max NAI concentration (49 ion·com-3)in 24 hours,while Cymbidium sinense generated the low level(18 ion·com-3). Judging from the mean value in 24h, Sansevieria trifasciata produced the highest level (27 ion·com-3)which was 1.5 times as control sample. Most plants could steadily produce NAI in different times a day while some species could not. The ability to generate NAI was too week for plants in natural state to satisfy the need of human health. Therefore,it was urgent to develop a device which could stimulate plants to generate negative air ions efficiently.Secondly, The development of the plants Negative air ions generator which could stimulate plants to generate NAI efficiently. Based on analysis and research on the plants NAI generator, we confirmed the system construction, and developed a new efficient generator, which effectively resolved some key problems, such as the high voltage input, the anti-interference and stability of the figures display circuit, the adjustability of the output pulse peak voltage, the pulse interval and the pulse frequency. From which the equipment became more stable and practicable. Under different intensities of the pulsed electric field, the plant in generator could produce different concentration of NAI.Therefore, it was very important to study out the optimal parameters of the effectively NAI generation of each plant under different pulsed electric field.Thirdly, Studying out the typical optimal parameters of the effectively NAI generation of different CAM plants under different pulsed electric field. Experiments by using plants NAI generator to stimulate the rhizosphere of different types of plants in pulsed electric field. We found out that under the effect of the pulsed electric field, the CAM plants, which is short for the crassulacean acid metabolism, showed the best effects on generating NAI. We also detected the concentration of the NAI in different levels. The results as follows:(1)The concentration of NAI significantly increased when the rhizosphere soil of CAM plants was stimulated by the plants NAI generator.Under different intensities of pulsed electric field, the abilities of generating level of NAI were different, such as the Asparagus setaceus ’Nanus’was most significant, under the pulsed electric field (Um=20kV,T=0.5s,τ=65ms),the concentration of NAI was 2603613 ion·com-3, which was 108484 times in natural state. The orthogonal design of 3 factors(Average output voltage Um, Pulse interval T, and Pulse width τ,) and four levels were taken for studying the typical optimal parameters of the pulsed electric field for 19 different CAM plants which released NAI efficiently,Took Asparagus setaceus ’Nanus’ for example, its typical optimal parameters were Um=15kV,T=0.5 s,τ=35ms. (2)Under the stimulation of the pulsed electric field (the average output voltageUm=15kV, pulse intervalT=1.0s, the pulse widthτ=50ms), the average concentrations of the NAI of the Loam, clay and sand all improved, compared with the normal states. However, the growth was small. By contrast, the released quantity of the clay was the highest, was about 204 ion·com-3, which was 8.5 times in normal state, and the released quantity of the sand had 92 ion·com-3;which was the lowest.(3)Detections of the concentration of the NAI produced by the Asparagus setaceus ’Nanus’ in different conditions, such as were planted in the Loam, clay and sand under the same pulsed electric field. The concentration of the NAI was low and similar with in other soil conditions in natural state. For example,the mean(44 ion·com-3) as the highest level; But the concentration of the NAI produced by Asparagus setaceus’Nanus’planted in sand under the pulsed electric field (Um=15kV, T=1.0s, τ=50 ms) had reached to the level (886814 ion·com-3), which had the 20154 times as in the natural state in those three different conditions. Furthermore, the average concentration reached to 112229 ion·com-3,which was the lowest, that imposed by pulsed electric field for 20 minutes. So, the average concentration of the the Asparagus setaceus ’Nanus’ planted in loam could reached to a higher level than other two conditions when under the same pulsed electric field.Fourthly, The mechanism study on CAM plants produced NAI efficiently. The relationship between the leaf epidermis stomatal, voltage and ability to produce NAI of CAM plants were studied, the results showed that:(1)The leaf epidermis stomatal of most CAM plants was significantly amplified, and also generated more NAI when it was stimulated by pulsed electric field. The Chlorophytum comosum showed the best, whose leaf epidermis stomatal was expanded to 3471.88 μm2 when it was stimulated, it was 3.7 times in natural state. The concentration of NAI was 616480 ion·com-3 and it was 3425 times in natural state.(2)It was found that the voltage in the plants was attenuated different degree when some certain intensity pulsed electric field was applied to rhizosphere soil of CAM plants.The voltage of 14 plants was from 1.40kV-1.60kV, and the voltage of Asparagus setaceus ’Nanus’ was the highest which was 7.8 kV.So the higher voltage in plants, the more NAI generated. The concentration of NAI of Asparagus setaceus ’Nanus’ was 236307 ion·com-3 which was the highest in the 15 plants.The voltage of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana was 1.4 kV which was the lowest, while the concentration of negative air ions was 44 ion·com-3 which was also the lowest.(3)The voltage of plants was rapidly decreased when plants were connected to the earth or ground by wire. Plants were connected to the earth, most voltage was released to the earth, it was from 0.44 to 1.00 kV, and the amount of NAI was also dropped sharply. The Kalanchoe blossfeldiana was most outstanding, the voltage was 0 kV, the concentration of NAI was 13 ion·com-3, which was the same as in natural state. When it was connected to the ground, the voltage was from 0.00 to 0.56 kV, and the concentration of NAI was the same as in natural state.In spite of higher generation from some other plants, amplification is small.Fifthly, The development of the plants NAI generator. Based on the improvement and the perfection of the functional plants NAI generator, most different CAM plants were identified, by which 12 CAM plants were found which could produce NAI efficiently after stimulated under pulsed electric field, and the optimal parameters of 12 different CAM plants such as Asparagus setaceus ’Nanus’ produced NAI were identified,. Based on plants such as the Asparagus setaceus ’Nanus’ as the first-choose plants stimulated by plants NAI generator. In order to improve and perfect the matching technology and corollary equipment.更多还原