【作者】 李娟；

【导师】 徐伯初；

【作者基本信息】 西南交通大学 ， 工业设计， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 高速列车乘客座椅是与乘客接触最多的车内设施,也是体现列车品质、提升乘坐舒适度的重要载体。对高速列车乘客座椅舒适度展开研究对提升高速列车舒适性品质、完善我国高速列车人机工程理论的研究具有重要意义。对国内外交通工具座椅的设计特点、座椅舒适度理论研究进行了综述,并提出了高速列车座椅设计内、外因素及其之间的相互作用关系模型,在此基础上,本文从舒适度理论和工业设计角度,通过主、客观评价相结合为主的实验研究方法,系统的研究了影响列车座椅舒适度的工业设计因素,包括功能配置、美学设计、人机尺度、“人-椅”界面的功能形态和材料选型。具体内容及研究成果如下：(1)座椅的功能配置主要是由乘客在乘坐过程中的生理需求和行为需求所决定的。通过线路调研、用户访谈、行为观测法,总结出我国高速列车座椅设计目前普遍存在的问题,并基于用户需求理论,构建了乘客需求与功能配置模型,提出了高速列车座椅功能配置及其座椅空间布局设计建议。(2)通过实验研究提出了视觉跟踪技术和感性工学技术在高速列车座椅美学设计评价中的应用方法,最终给出了列车座椅的美学设计建议。(3)为解决国内研究文献中对座椅尺寸参数定义和尺度关系参差不齐的问题,重新定义并重构了高速列车环境下座椅人机几何参数,提出了适用于不同群体特征的座椅人机几何参数设计建议。面向大群体、小型、中型以及大型身材群体的座椅参数推荐值(单位：mm)依次为座高：430、400、430、460；座深：450、400、450、500；座宽：480、450、480、510；靠背高：780、730、780、780；靠背宽：510、480、510、510；靠背倾角：20°、20°、20°、15°；座间距皆为900；容膝距：300、250、300、300。座宽和靠背宽的设计在满足车厢过道宽的尺寸及座椅布局设计要求的基础上,选择在推荐范围内的最大值；靠背高不可超过880mm,推荐范围为730mm-830mm:各个群体对靠背倾角和座间距的评价为参数越大满意度越高,至推荐值往后满意度开始降低,座间距过大时,在车厢环境内人们会有“不安全感”,靠背倾角过大则会引起不舒适感；容膝距不得小于极小临界值100mm。(4)确立了“人-椅”界面体压分布指标体系及其表征,研究发现了座椅压力分布SPD%、圆型压力梯度Gc和线型压力梯度GT指标与坐垫的形面和硬度具有明显关系,Gc与Gr越小,坐骨结节处的舒适度越高,SPD %越小坐垫整体舒适度评价越高；最大压力Pm以及SPD%可以明显的表征坐垫材料的软硬度,较硬的坐垫Pm以及SPD%值较大。(5)通过客观的体压分布测量和主观的舒适度量表评价相结合研究方法,研究了静态条件下和长期乘坐条件下,不同形面靠背和坐垫的体压分布和舒适度特征,以及不同硬度坐垫的体压分布和舒适度特征,最终提出了避免不舒适和提升舒适度的座椅形面和坐垫硬度的设计参考建议。具体如下：①静态体压分布指标SPD%不能表征靠背的舒适度情况,平均压力Pv和接触面积A与乘坐者的体重有关；靠背应避免平坦型的曲面设计；头部两侧建议使用侧枕,并保证头部两边具有自如的左右活动空间,建议头枕横断面前缘为与头部贴合的圆弧型,另外侧枕向前凸出长度不易过长,建议为60mm；后背横断面前缘建议设计为向内凹的圆弧形,深度为50mm为佳,肩背部两侧无过多的包裹,避免有拥挤感；靠背纵断面的腰部位置应对人体腰部有良好的支撑,纵断面上腰部向背部的曲面不易过缓,否则乘坐者对腰部的支撑感觉不明显。②平坦型坐垫形面的SPD%最小,形面与人体臀、腿部贴合较好以及横断面中问凹两侧凸起坐垫形面的SPD%相对较小,压力整体分布较为均匀；坐垫形面与人体臀部及大腿部贴合较好的形面舒适性最佳,且坐骨结节压力梯度变化GC值较小,其次是具有横向凹凸肌理的形面；坐垫前缘倒角应避免尖锐凸起的设计,否则大腿根部有顶迫感；大腿两侧向上凸起不易过高,否则被试有拥挤感。③头枕及腰靠对人体颈部和腰部的支撑对提供舒适坐姿起着关键的作用。头枕和腰靠的凸出高度推荐值为50mm,最小极限值为30mm,最大极限值为70mm；头枕和腰靠凸出高度为50mm时,位置高度建议依次为690mm、215mm。④长期乘坐条件下,靠背和坐垫的形面影响乘客乘坐的舒适度。不舒适感相对滞后的靠背形面特征为：头部和腰部具有良好支撑、带有侧枕并且头部具有自如的左右活动空间、背部两侧无过多的包裹；与臀、腿部贴合较好的坐垫形面两小时内整体舒适度评价良好；长期乘坐条件下,不同形面靠背的SPD%值无规律,坐垫的SPD%值呈下降趋势,但不能表征长时间乘坐条件下的舒适度情况。⑤45度硬度的坐垫无论在短期还是长期乘坐条件下都具有良好的舒适性,建议高速列车座椅填充材料的硬度为45度。体压分布指标SPD%和GC与坐垫硬度呈线性关系,硬度越大,SPD%和GC就越大；长期乘坐条件下,45度硬度坐垫对人的不舒适感缓解能力较好,较软的坐垫对不舒适感的调节缓解能力较差。更多还原

【Abstract】 Passenger seat in high-speed train is the most popular vehicle facility contacting with the passengers in the vehicle.It not only reflects the important quality of carrier,but also improves the riding comfort of the train.Study on high-speed train passenger seating comfort has a great significance to enhance the quality of high-speed train comfort and perfect ergonomics theory of high-speed train in China.The article firstly made a summary of the vehicle seat design features and of the seat comfort theoretical study at home and abroad, and then established a seat design model of high speed trains interactions between internal and external factors. Above this, from the perspective of theory of comfort and industrial design, and through a combination of subjective and objective evaluation of primary experimental research, it systematically studied industrial design factors affecting train seating comfort, which was including functional configuration, aesthetic design,ergonomics scales, interface features shape of "people-chair" and material selection. The specific content and research results are as follows:(1) Functional configuration is primarily decided by passenger seats in a process of physiological needs and requirements of the decision. Over the railway line research, user interviews,observation behavior,the article summarzed problems in high-speed train seat design of my country, and based on user demand theory,construction of the passenger demand and function deployment model, and made a functional configuration of high-speed train seating and design recommendations.(2) Through the experiment study,the article applied an evaluation method of the eye tracking technology and kansei engineering technique in aesthetic design of high-speed train seat. Then, it gave the final recommendations of train seats aesthetic design.(3) To address the domestic research on the relationship between parameter definitions and standards for the seat in the literature problem of uneven,redefine and frame geometry parameters of seats under the environment of high speed train people, made ergonomics design recommendations which could be applicable to the characteristics of different groups of seats geometric parameters.To large groups, small, medium and large size groups of seats parameters recommended value (unit:mm) followed by the seat height:430,400,430,460, Seat Depth:450,400,450,500;seat width:480,450,480,510;backrest height:780,730,780, 780;backrest width:510,480,510,510;backrest angle:20 degrees,20 degrees,20 degrees,15 degrees;seat spacing are 900;Capacity margin of the knee:300,250,300,300.Beyond meeting the width of the seat backrest width of the carriage and aisle width,to select the recommended maximum value in the range;Back High should not exceed 880mm; Evaluation of the various groups on the Bar Stool with backrest angle and spacing The greater satisfaction for the parameter,the more satisfaction shown by the back to the recommended values,seat spacing is too large, people in the vehicle conditions are" insecurity", backrest angle too large can cause uncomfortable sense;Distance shall be not less than the minimal threshold (100mm)of the knee.(4) Established "people-chair" pressure distribution interface index characterization and found pressure distribution on seat SPD%, Circular pressure gradient GC and linetype pressure gradient GT and cushion shape and hardness are clearly related.The lower of GC and GT. The higher the comfort of the ischial tuberosity, the smaller of SPD%, the higher the overall evaluation of comfort cushion. The maximum of pressure and SPD% is clear to characterize of soft cushion material hardness.The higher value of Pm and SPD%, the harder the cushion material.(5) By combining the method of objective body pressure distribution measurement and subjective comfort evaluation,research under static conditions and long-term conditions, different-shaped backrest and seat body pressure distribution and comfort features, as well as different hardness characteristics of body pressure distribution and comfort cushions. It eventually raised to avoid uncomfortable and enhance the comfort of the seat surface hardness and cushion design reference recommendations.As follows:① Static pressure distribution in indexes- SPD% can not characterization of comfort backrest situation;The average pressure Pv and the contact area A is relevant to the weight of passengers; Back design avoided flat surface,on both sides of the head side of the pillow is recommended, ensure that activities around both sides of the head with a comfortable space, and head restraints for the front of the transverse margin of the head is recommend arc-shaped.The other side sleeper length is not easy to become long to pull forward, it is recommended that for 60mm; The back cross in front of edge was proposed to design for the concave arc,better depth of 50mm,with shoulder on both sides without too much packages to avoid a sense of congestion;The back of waist position in the vertical section should have good support the human waist, the surface of the vertical section of the back to the waist is inadvisable to slow, otherwise to take on the back of the waist not obvious.② Flat cushion’s SPD% is minimum.Shape surface pasts a better with human buttocks and legs, and SPD% of concave on both sides of the raised seat in the middle of the surface is relatively small. Distribution of pressure is uniform in overall. Cushion-shaped surface and shape of the human buttocks and legs jointed with a better comfort of the best, and the ischial tuberosity pressure gradient Gc changed more little. The second is a transverse bump texture surface;cushion design of the front edge of the chamfer should avoid sharp uplift, or the end zone would have force sense.③ Head restraints and lumbar back of the neck and waist on the human body,sitting position plays a key role,is providing a comfortable sense.Head and waist extruded highly recommended value is 50mm; Minimum limit is 30mm, the maximum value is 70mm; Protruding head and waist by height is 50mm, the location highly recommended,690mm, 215mm, in turn.④ On the condition of Long time sitting,the backrest and seat surface affect the comfort of passengers. Less advanced discomfort with backrest shapes have features:the head and waist pillow with good support,the head with the space around freely, the back without an excessive number of packages,and hips, his legs jointed with a better cushion good shape overall evaluation of comfort in two hours. On the condition of Long time sitting,the SPD% values for the different shaped backrest is irregular. cushion’s SPD% values declined, but not present comfort under the situation during long ride.⑤ The 45 degrees of hardness cushion,both in the short term and long term,is used with comfort, it is recommended that high speed train seat fillers material hardness of 45 degrees. Indicators of pressure distribution about SPD% and GC link hardness of cushion with linear relationship, the greater the hardness, the greater SPD% and Gc; Long sitting, hardness of 45-degree seat can better ease people’s uncomfortable sense, a soft cushion regulates to ease discomfort with less privileged.更多还原