【作者】 刘春明；

【导师】 王树海；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2016， 博士

【摘要】 佛典浩瀚,文学博大,文化精深,三者之间因缘相牵,儒释道思想之汇流、古文学之佛缘禅境、禅林与士林之交往堪为实证,近之前辈时贤亦已铸就研究格局。二十世纪,佛教中国化、佛教与文学、佛经之文学性及佛教混合汉语等研究渐次开展,历经百余年之发展,由立论期、延伸期而进入多元发展时期,在上述研究的深厚学理背景下,三国东吴高僧康僧会所译《六度集》已进入语言学研究视野且成果斐然,但对其蕴含的多元文化语境和文学价值之关注则十分稀少,系统研究尚未得见。因此,本文选取康僧会及其经译《六度集》作为研究对象,主要关注点有三:其一,康僧会在汉译佛典史及佛教中土化历程中的独异性。康僧会祖籍康居国,世居天竺,而本人成长于中华,梵汉兼善,贯通大小二乘、熟谙儒道诸家,有别于其他译师,其译经风格及思想渊源值得深入探讨。其二,《六度集》的多重文化语境。《六度集》成经于汉末三国,正值思想、文化、学术巨变期,佛经传译草创期,也是佛教中土化进程肇端期,儒释道诸家文化经历冲突、碰撞与互相融摄,释家内部大小二乘并行流播中土,投射于康僧会杂取诸经编译而成的《六度集》,呈现出多元文化糅合融汇的文化风貌,深具研究价值。其三,《六度集》的文学性解读。佛教之于中国文学影响甚巨已是公论,立足经集文本,考述其作为汉译本生经的文学特征,剖析所蕴含的文学、文化因子,对于丰富和深化佛经文学研究十分必要。故而,本文希图通过对康僧会、《六度集》文学价值及其文化融合语境进行多元化、多角度和深入系统的研究,窥一斑而知全豹,为这一时期佛教与中国文化、佛经文学的研究提供一个典型案例,以期填补研究之不足。绪论部分:进行研究综述。梳理文献,回顾学术研究史,指出康僧会及《六度集》在佛典汉译史及佛教文学研究中的重要地位和研究价值,阐明研究现状和研究前景——目前对《六度集》的研究多集中于语言学领域,而思想文化考辨及文学性研究则非常少见,仍有极大的研究空间。第一章:三国佛教考论。首先,探析汉末三国时期佛教事迹于传统正史中缺载、少载乃事出有因,考述相关僧人史家著录佛史的严谨求真精神,阐明本论文于佛家经录、僧传、史籍中拣择史料的原则。其次,考察《六度集》成经时期的三国佛教状况,寒门勃兴隐秘推动佛教崛起;曹魏玄学、般若学滋兴,律典始译、戒坛设立、传戒之法创立,佛教初具独立宗教姿态;孙吴崇尚巫风道术,文化背景多元且驳杂,学术风气宽容,宜于佛教传播;蜀地佛教状况未明。第二章:康僧会及《六度集》考论。论述康僧会生平行止、佛教活动、著译情况、佛学师承及其对江南佛教创立之功;厘清《六度集》成经缘起及成经时间,确定其文本性质,爬梳整理其版本流传状况。第三章:《六度集》和儒道释初度触碰融合。《六度集》呈现出一种多元文化融汇的特质,堪为后来儒释道“三教合流”之先声。这种融汇特质的形成,源于如下两个方面:浓厚的交州儒风与多元文化气息涵养造就了康僧会的博识、圆融与既儒且僧的调和性品格;康僧会的殉道者气质赋予其振锡江南、弘传大教、杂糅融汇教内教外诸家文化之勇气与胆识。而《六度集》之融汇特质则集中体现于如下三方面:以六度菩萨行思想弥合大小二乘,弘扬大乘而兼及小乘;趋同儒家仁孝思想,树立佛教护国兴邦观念,通过比附儒学而使佛理浸润人心;涵纳、融摄中土杂家道术中古已有之的生死观念,化用道家概念术语阐释灵魂缘起、生命聚散以及禅修次第,使佛家生命智慧体系以随风入夜、润物无声的方式植根于中土文化。第四章:《六度集》的文学性(上)。将《六度集》放置于成经时代的语境中观照其作为佛经文本的文学属性:其一,从文学自觉与佛典汉译由质趋文的共同趋势、本生经文体及语体和艺术手法赋予的文学表现力、编译者个人特质等角度探察《六度集》何以成为文质兼备的内典范本。其二,通过对《六度集》和前代译经之比对,揭示其“文白混杂而偏文,雅俗兼容而偏雅”的语体风格,并探讨其成因。其三,《六度集》就佛经内容而言属佛典中最具文学价值的本生经;就文学类型而言属叙事体;就语言形式而言具有散文性特征;其篇章结构、叙事模式中保留了康僧会在编译过程中进行深度文学加工的痕迹。第五章:《六度集》的文学性(下)。《六度集》源故事滋生于善玄想的古印度民族,在梵汉转译过程中,既采天竺叙事表现力之长,又融汉地文献之简练明达,形成独特的文学旨趣。文本自身的文学价值可考诸于如下四方面:善用反复、夸饰、铺排、譬喻等佛经叙事修辞格以增文学表现力;神通变异、时空幻境、誓内容;佛陀释迦牟尼、理家及商人、恶人调达等凡圣众生形象丰富和充实了艺术形象世界。诸般文学因子共同构成了《六度集》作为佛经叙事文学的话语环境。更多还原

【Abstract】 Buddhist scriptures are of extensive accumulation, literature vast, and culture profound, the three of which are related to each other through karma. There is clear evidence of the fusion of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, the Buddhist thoughts in ancient literature and the interaction of monks and intellectuals. The predecessors in recent years have already formed the framework of research pattern. It is developed gradually that the research concerning the Chinization of Buddhism, Buddhism with literature, and literariness of Buddhist scriptures as well as the Buddhist Hybrid Chinese was made in 20 th century. The study has developed from the theoretical stage, extending stage into the stage of diversified development in over hundred years. Based on the profound theoretical research, Six Paramitas Sutra translated by Kang Senghui, an eminent monk in Dongwu of Three Kingdoms, has been studied from the perspective of linguistics and made great progress in this field. However, scholars paid little or no attention to multicultural context and literary value, not speak of systematic study.Therefore, this thesis focuses on Kang Senghui and his translated works Six Paramitas Sutra.Attention will be paid to three aspects: Firstly, the uniqueness of Kang Senghui’s importance in the history of Chinese translated Buddhist scriptures and the process of Buddhist Chinization. Kang’s ancestors lived in Sogdiana, locating in ancient India for generations, but he himself grew up in China, thus good at both Sanskrit and Chinese, familiar with Buddhist theories of Manāyāna and Hinayānā as well as the thoughts of Confucianism and Daoism, etc.. Therefore, He is different from other translators, his translation style and sources of theories is worth further studying. Secondly, Six Paramitas Sutra’s multicultural context. Six Paramitas Sutra was written and finished in the late half of Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms, when ideology, culture and academy, to a large degree, underwent dramatic change. It is also the early period of Buddhist scriptures’ translation and Buddhist Chinization process, including the fusion of Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism as well as the prevailing Buddhist thoughts of Manāyāna and Hinayānā. All these are reflected in Kang Senghui’s Six Paramitas Sutra where there is a phenomenon of multicultural fusion, which is of great study significance. Thirdly, literary interpretation of Six Paramitas Sutra. It is universally acknowledged that Buddhism has exerted great influence to Chinese literature. It is also necessary to study the Buddhist scriptures and literariness of Chinese jataka tales, and analyze the scriptures’ literary characteristics together with its implicit literary and cultural elements in the aspect of enriching and deepening the Buddhist research. Therefore, this thesis will analyze Kang Senghui, literary value of Six Paramitas Sutra and multicultural context through diversified, multi-angle and systematic study with a purpose of filling the shortage of research in this field, which will provide a typical case for the study of Buddhism and Chinese culture and literature of Buddhist scriptures.Chapter One Introduction—literary review and views in previous Buddhist scriptures. First of all, literary review is listed, and the history of academic research is referred to, which aims at the importance and significance of Kang Senghui and his translated works Six Paramitas Sutra in both translation aspect of Buddhist scriptures and Buddhist literature research. Research status and research prospects—most study Six Paramitas Sutra from the perspective of linguistics; seldom center on its cultural and literary value, so there is still a great study space. Secondly, it is pointed out that there are reasons why the Buddhist anecdotes in traditional official records are so scarce during the late Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms, illustrating the rigorous pursuit-of-truth spirit of some monks in completing histories of Buddhist scriptures and clarifying the principles of selecting Buddhist classics, monk biographies and historical records in this paper.Chapter Two Buddhism of Three Kingdoms·Kang Senghui·Six Paramitas Sutra. The Buddhist status in the period of completing Six Paramitas Sutra is analyzed first. The sudden rising of people of humble origin was an element to the thriving of Buddhism. The appearance of metaphysics in Cao and Wei, Prajna, translated law code, establishment of ordination platform and formal Buddhist ceremony made Buddhism take shape in its early period in China. People believed Daoist magic arts in Sun Wu, so the cultural background was multiple and complicated, which would be favorable for Buddhism to spread. But it was not clear about the Buddhist status in Shu. Additionally, this chapter will concentrate on Kang Senghui’s life, Buddhist conduction, his Buddhist translated works and major Buddhist theory as well as his contribution to the establishment of Buddhism. Eventually, the social background and the process of completing Six Paramitas Sutra will be illustrated to determine its text nature and sort out its version’s circulating conditions.Chapter Three Humanities landscape of Six Paramitas Sutra under multicultural context. Multicultural integration is a characteristic reflected in Six Paramitas Sutra, which can be considered as herald of the fusion of Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism. The following two aspects contribute to this cultural integration. The prevailing Confucianism and multicultural atmosphere foster Kang Senghui’s character that is typical of not only Confucianism but also Buddhism; Kang Senghui’s martyr temperament endows him with the courage and boldness to preach in Jiangnan, expand Buddhist thoughts and fuse various cultures inside and outside of Buddhism. The integrated character of Six Paramitas Sutra is reflected in three specific aspects. The thought of Bodhisattva fuses Manāyāna and Hinayānā, promting Manāyāna and uniting Hinayānā. Compared the Buddhist thought to the Confucian theory, like benevolence and filiality, it focuses on the importance of Buddhism to the defending and thriving of a country. The view of life and death derives from the ancient Daoist arts, and it adopts Daoist terms to illustrate Buddhist thought, which enables the essence of Buddhism to be subtly rooted in Chinese culture.Chapter Four Literary interpretation of Six Paramitas Sutra(Ⅰ). Literariness of Six Paramitas Sutra as Buddhist text is analyzed by putting it in the writing background. Firstly, Six Paramitas Sutra has become a model with both direct description and indirect modification from the perspective of the trend of literature and the Buddhist scriptures’ translation from direct description to indirect modification, jataka and artistic style and the literary expression, as well as the unique qualities of translator and compiler. Secondly, compared with the translated scriptures in Donghan, Six Paramitas Sutra has such a language style as being more literary and more graceful. Thirdly, according to its content, Six Paramitas Sutra is jataka tales which is of greatest literary value. It is a narration in its literary genre, and a prose in its language style. It is learned from its text structure and narration pattern that Kang Senghui has added literariness to it during the process of compiling.Chapter Five Literary interpretation of Six Paramitas Sutra(Ⅱ). Six Paramitas Sutra originally came from ancient India where is full of imagination. This scripture forms its own distinctive literary style during the process of translating Sanskrit into Chinese by means of adopting both Indian narrative expression and Chinese concise and comprehensive brevity. As for the literary value, it is conveyed in the scriptures mainly through repetition, exaggeration, parallelism and metaphor to increase literary expression. The contents of literature from another field, like avatar, dreamland, vows and ugliness add more to literary description. Characters of the common people and the saints, such as Sakyamuni, Croesus and businessmen, the wicked Devadatta, enrich the world of arts. It is the above literary elements that make Six Paramitas Sutra a real Buddhist narration in literature.更多还原