【作者】 李晶；

【导师】 费多益；

【作者基本信息】 山西大学 ， 科学技术哲学， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 从古希腊时期开始,哲学家一直关注认知对情绪的影响,但对这一问题的思考一直停留在思辨阶段。直到认知神经科学的实验证明“情绪脑”与“认知脑”是无法分离的,认知对情绪的影响是即抑制,也助益,情绪的生成、变化、发展都对认知具有依赖性。本文从认知科学哲学的角度重新审视认知对情绪的影响,主要从认知如何使情绪的身心变得协调、表达变得规范、结构变得有序三方面来夯实这一依赖性的理论基础。第一章,论文从历史的角度回溯了情绪的认知理论的发展历程,并针对其与生理理论的矛盾展开分析,进而表明情绪的两个研究传统：现象学和认知主义。情绪的认知理论经历了萌芽、衰落、复兴三个阶段,情绪与认知的关系也由被引起、被支配转化为依赖。寓身认知的思想对情绪的认知理论面临的“离身”困境和概念化倾向进行了现象学修正,对情绪中包含的生理反应进行了融合和解释,情绪也成为“寓身认知”思想最典型的代表。第二章,论文从情绪的寓身意向、寓身判断、寓身评价、表征的寓身性四方面缓和了情绪的身心本质的争论。人们的信念驱动注意指向情绪对象的同时身体也指向相同的对象。寓身状态代表了人们对自身-环境关系的身体反应。寓身状态不仅影响人们对情绪对象的指向,还一直贯穿于情绪的生成过程。在人们指向情绪对象后,人们要对对象进行判断和评价,但情绪包含的判断和评价不是传统意义上的抽象的判断和评价,而是寓身的判断和评价。不仅如此,人们通过心理表征与身体感觉的互动完成情绪的编码、存储、再现。从神经生理学的角度分析,情绪是感觉运动表征和心理表征的集合。从身心互动论的角度分析,情绪是身体表征和心理表征互动的结果。第三章,论文从规范性的角度探讨了认知对情绪的约束和优化。论文以情绪的语言学研究为依据,对自然主义框架下的情绪范畴的自然化和先验性的生物学倾向进行批判,构建一种以语言为边界,以认知为中介的规范性情绪。认知按照一定的社会规范和文化规则对情绪进行规范,并在语言范围内构筑情绪范畴。随着认知的发展,情绪由自然化的身体现象向社会化的习得反应过渡。社会-文化以认知为中介对情绪的外在表达进行塑造,对情绪的内在体验进行调节,社会-文化规则逐渐内化为情绪的一部分。社会趋同的情绪表达和自我释放的情绪体验在同一时刻矛盾地共存于情绪中。但站在认知主义的立场,这是认知建构情绪图式的一条路径。认知不仅能平衡情绪的矛盾,使自然表情和社会表情共存于情绪中,还对情绪的身体感觉与社会-文化规则进行了综合,以图式的形式存储在记忆中。不仅如此,在个体与他人的情绪的寓身互动中,双方的身体共鸣和情境理解以共享表征的形式影响着双方的情绪。第四章,论文从建构论的角度探讨情绪的认知前提和情绪结构的认知组织。论文以沙赫特和辛格的情绪的认知归因实验为依据反驳情绪是自然现象的观点,并进一步提出情绪是认知建构的产物。情绪的生成依赖于情境-身体-认知三者的互动,认知不仅对人们的身体-情境关系进行命名,还对情绪进行同化、融合和再建构。情绪和图式之间存在一个循环,图式是表征的集合,是认知结构的基本单元。人们应用图式对新情境进行探索,对新对象进行塑造,从而建构新的情绪反应。情绪按照图式的排列组合方式嵌入到认知结构中。如果图式无法同化情绪,那么情绪会以异化的方式进入到认知结构中。认知结构中存在一个正向的主导图式,并以“最大化快乐,最小化悲伤”的准则对情绪进行再建构。认知对情绪进行解构和再解释时,保留和整合了情绪中有利于自我概念发展的部分,删减和转换了情绪中不利于自我概念发展的部分。但仅靠语义水平的认知解释难以彻底对情绪进行再建构,“情境认知”的启动才是情绪重构的关键。人们只有寓身于适当的社会-文化情境中,才能认知并体验到新的情绪,从而覆盖旧的情绪图式。随着认知的发展,情绪图式在记忆系统中被传播、重组和封闭。认知使情绪保持历史一致性和渐变发展性,并使情绪由一个平衡状态向另一个平衡状态自然地过渡,因此,情绪随附于认知的发展。结语总结得出情绪是人们寓身于社会-文化情境,对身体-环境关系进行认知建构的产物。认知对情绪所涉及的身体、心理、社会三个层面进行连接、平衡和综合,最终建构出符合图式结构的情绪。本文期望将来能在无意识领域深入地探讨认知对情绪的影响,进而完善情绪的认知理论。更多还原

【Abstract】 From the Ancient Greece, philosophers paid attention to the influence of cognition on emotion, but philosopher’s thoughts about this problem rested on speculative stage. Until Cognitive Neuroscience’s experiments proved that "emotional brain" and "cognitive brain" could not be separated. The influence of cognition on emotion was not only inhibitory but also beneficial, the generation of emotion, the changing of emotion and the development of emotion depended on cognition. The paper reviewed the influence of cognition on emotion from the perspective of Philosophy of Cognitive Science, reinforced the theoretical basis of dependence mainly from three aspects:cognition how made the emotion’s relationship of body and mind become coordinating; cognition how made the emotion’s expression become normally; cognition how made the emotion’s structure become orderly.In the first chapter, the paper recalled the developmental history of cognitive theory of emotion from the perspective of History, analyzed the contradictory between the physiological theory of emotion and the cognitive theory of emotion, and indicated that two research tradition of emotion:phenomenology and cognitivism. The development of cognitive theory of emotion went through the three stages:germination, declining and reviving, accordingly the relationship between emotion and cognition went through caused, governed and depended. The theme of embodied cognition revised the "disembodied" dilemma and the trend of conceptualization of cognitive theory of emotion based on phenomenology, integrated and explained the emotion’s physiological response. Emotion became the most representative of the theme of embodied cognition.In the second chapter, the paper moderated the controversy of the nature of body-mind of emotion from four aspects:embodied intention of emotion, embodied judgment of emotion, embodied evaluation of emotion, embodied property of the representation of emotion. People’s belief driven attention to direct at the object of emotion, simultaneously body directed at the same object. Embodied state represented people’s body response to body-environment relationship. Embodied state not only influenced that people directed at object of emotion but also ran through the generation of emotion. After people directed object, people would to judge and evaluate the object, but judgment and evaluation of emotion were neither abstractly judged nor evaluated in the traditional significance, were embodied judged and embodied evaluated. People completed coding, storing and reappearing of emotion through the interaction of mental representation and feeling of body. From the perspective of neurophysiology, emotion was assembly of the sensorimotor representation and the mental representation. From the perspective of theory of interaction of body and mind, emotion was the result of the interaction of the body representation and the mental representation.In the third chapter, the paper explored cognition constrained and optimized emotion from the respective of normativity. The paper based on linguistic research, criticized naturalized, apriori emotional category’s biological tendency under the naturalism, built normative emotion in the boundary of language and based on cognition. Cognition regulated the emotion according to social regulation and cultural rule, constructed emotional category within the scope of language. With the development of cognition, paradigm of emotion transformed from the naturalized body phenomenon to the social acquired response. Society-culture shaped the external expression of emotion and regulated the inner experience of emotion based on cognition, and social-cultural rule internalized as parts of emotion based on cognition. Social tendency’s emotional expression and self-release’s emotional experience contradictorily coexisted in emotion at the same time. Standing on the ground of cognitivism, this was a path that cognition constructed emotional schema. Cognition not only balanced contradiction of emotion; made natural expression and social expression coexist in emotion, but also integrated the feeling of body and the social-cultural rule as result of schema stored in memory. In embodied interaction of people’s emotion and other’s emotion, both of people’s body resonance and comprehension of situation were in the form of shared representation influenced their emotion.In the fourth chapter, the paper explored cognitive precondition of emotion and cognitive organization of emotional structure. The paper based on Schacht and Singer’s experiments of cognitive attribution of emotion, refuted that emotion was natural phenomenon, and proposed that emotion was the product of cognitive construction. Generation of emotion depended on interaction of situation-body-cognition, cognition not only named the body-situation relationship but also assimilated, integrated and reconstructed of emotion with schema. Emotion and schema have a circulation, people explored new situation, shaped new object, and constructed new emotional response with schema. According to the way of permutation and combination of schema, emotion embedded in cognitive structure. If schema didn’t assimilate emotional response, emotion entered into cognitive structure in the way of dissimilation. Cognitive structure has a positive leading schema, cognition constructed emotion according to"maximized happiness, minimized sadness"criterion. When cognition deconstructed emotion and explained emotion again, cognition reserved and integrated emotion which was good for the development of self-concept, cognition decreased and transformed the emotion which was bad for the development of self-concept. But cognition didn’t absolutely reconstructed emotion only in semantic level; activation of "situated cognition" was the key of reconstruction of emotion. Only people embodied appropriate social-cultural situation, people cognized and experienced new emotion, and covered old emotional schema. With the development of cognition, emotional schema were spread, reorganized and inhibited in the memory system. Emotion’s historical consistency and gradually development depended on approved of cognition, cognition made the emotion naturally transition from an equilibrium state to another equilibrium state, so emotion attached to development of cognition.The conclusion summarized that emotion was that people embodied social-cultural situation, the product of cognitive construction of relationship of body-environment. Cognition connected, balanced and composited body level, mind level and society level of emotion, constructed emotion which conforming to schema structure. The paper would expect deeply explore the influence of cognition on emotion in the field of unconscious in the future, and improved the cognitive theory of emotion.更多还原