西安市城中村语言使用状况调查研究

【作者】 李琼；

【导师】 杜敏；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 本论文在城市化加速发展的社会背景下,以西安市城中村为切入点,研究城市化进程中西安市城中村不同居民的语言使用状况,探求各种社会因素对语言及其使用者的影响,根据城中村居民正在进行中的语言变化预测未来的语言发展趋势。在我国城市化加速发展的时期,由于城市面积的不断扩大,致使城市周边的村落逐渐成为城中村。城中村作为城市化的产物,处在一种急剧的变化当中。大量外来流动人口操着各自的方言与西安本地居民混居于同一个村落,语言使用情况空前复杂,使城中村成为观察并研究多种语言或方言接触、语言使用、语言态度以及语言变化的绝好对象。基于此,本论文选择西安市城中村进行语言使用的调查与研究。全文一共分为七章。第一章绪论部分,交待了研究的缘起、研究的现状、研究的意义和研究方法。第二章着重介绍了本次研究的理论支持,研究对象的基本情况和调查研究的过程。论文第三、四、五章利用调查问卷和访谈相结合的方法分别从语言使用、语言能力和语言态度三个方面对西安市城中村的本地居民以及居住在城中村的外来人员的语言使用状况进行了详细地描写,并利用SPSS多元线性回归的分析方法分别探讨了影响城中村本地居民和外来人员语言使用、语言能力和语言态度的社会因素。论文第六章结合方言学NORM(非流动性的、年老的、农村的、男性发音合作人)和社会语言学“显像时间”的研究方法,调查城中村居民正在发生的语言变化,并预测出在普通话日益强烈的影响下,城中村本地居民和外来人员未来的语言发展趋势。最后一章,总结了全文的观点,同时亦对未尽的研究进行了思考。本论文的基本观点如下：一、居住在同一个城中村的本地居民和外来人员有着共同的语言使用模式：对内,主要是家人中的长辈和同乡朋友使用家乡话；对外,主要是在公共场合以及对顾客／客户说话使用普通话。而且影响他们语言使用的显著性社会因素也大致相同,都为“文化程度、年龄、学习普通话起始时间、对自身普通话期望值”。其中,“文化程度、学习普通话起始时间、对自身普通话期望值”这三个影响因素与语言使用呈正相关关系,即文化程度越高、学习普通话时间越早、对自身普通话期望值越高的本地居民或外来人员,其普通话的使用越频繁。只有“年龄”与本地居民和外来人员的语言使用呈负相关关系,即随着年龄的增长普通话的使用频率呈下降趋势。二、无论是本地居民还是外来人员都是操家乡话和普通话的双言者,家乡话是他们的母语,随着城市化进程的加剧和普通话的推广政策,城中村的本地居民和外来人员的普通话使用频率明显增加,其普通话水平也均能达到基本交流的程度,但文化程度越高的本地居民和外来人员,其普通话能力就越强；其次,学习普通话时间越早和对自身普通话期望值越高的本地居民和外来人员,其普通话能力也越强。也就是说,“文化程度、学习普通话起始时间和对自身普通话期望值”构成了对本地居民和外来人员普通话能力的显著性影响因素。三、城中村本地居民和外来人员有着相似的语言态度：都对家乡话的感情深厚,认为家乡话更“亲切”；但普遍认为,普通话更“有用”、更“有社会影响”。因此,无论是本地居民还是外来人员对孩子或者下一代的普通话水平的期望都远远高于对自身普通话水平的期望。但他们在期望孩子能熟练流利地使用普通话的同时,也能会说家乡话,不要“忘了自己的根”。四、城中村有着相对固定的人口和地域,居住在其中的本地居民和外来人员之间互动频繁,并享有共同的公共设施,对于两种语言变体——家乡话和普通话,具有相同的语言使用模式和语言态度,并由此形成了共同的语言规范和言语行为,因此城中村是一个典型的言语社区。五、在城市化、工业化的大背景下,普通话显得日益重要,城中村的本地居民和外来人员的家乡话都不可避免地受到普通话的影响,因此他们原来的家乡话(老派方言)逐渐演变成带有普通话色彩的“普通地方话”,同时,他们所说的普通话也带有浓浓的方言色彩,成为“地方普通话”,这两个阶段都是不断向标准普通话靠拢的“中介语”阶段,可以预测“普通地方话”和“地方普通话”未来发展的方向都是无限止地向标准普通话靠拢,但这个过程需要相当漫长的一段时间。更多还原

【Abstract】 This doctoral dissertation studies the language situation of the urban village in Xi’an City under the background of accelerated urbanization, as well as various social factors that may impact on the current language situation, and predicts the future development of the language used in the urban village according to the language changes that are taking place to village residents.During the period of accelerated urbanization, the villages around the city have become urban villages due to the expansion of the urban area. As the result of urbanization, urban villages are in a dramatic changes. A large number of outsiders speaking different dialects are living together with the local residents in the same village. The unprecedented complexity of language usage makes the urban village become a good case to research language contact, use, attitude and chages. Based on this, one of urban villages in Xi’an City is selected to do the investigation and research.The dissertation is divided into 7 chapters. The first chapter introduces the study origin, situation, significance and methods. The associated theories, research objects and process are introduced in chapter two. Combining questionnaire and interniew methods, chapter three, four and five describe in detail the language use, abilities and attitudes of local residents and outsiders living in the urban village, and discuss the social factors influencing on their language use, abilities and attitudes. The sixth chapter tries to combine dialectological and sociolinguistic research methods to study the language changes and predict the future trends of language in the urban village under the background of increasingly strong influence of Putonghua. The final chapter summarizes the main views of the dissertation as well as the research significance and innovation, but also thinks about the unaccomplished research. The mian views of this dissertation are as the follows.1. There is a common language use pattern for both the local residents and outsiders living in the same urban village:at domestic, they speak dialects to their elders in the family as well as the fellow friends; in the public and talking to customers/clients, they speak Putonghua. Meanwhile, the significant social factors that affect their language use are similar. They are "education, age, the starting time of learning Putonghua, and Putonghua expectations", which are somewhat different in the influence degrees.2. Both the local residents and outsiders are speakers in diglossia of dialects and Putonghua. Although the dialiects are their mother tongue, their Putonghua level generally meet the needs of basic communication with others. In common, the education of local residents and outsiders are higher, and their Putonghua abilities are stronger; their starting times of learning Putong are earlier and their Putonghua expectations are higher, and their Putonghua abilities are stronger. In other words, "education, the staring time of learning Putonghua, and the Putong expectation" are the three significant influence factors on the local residents and outsiders’Putonghua abilities.3. The local residents and outsiders living in the same urban village have the same language attitudes:their most favorites are dialects, and they think the dialects are more friendly, while Putonghua is more useful and influential. Therefore, whether local residents or outsiders’ expectations of the Putonghua level to their children are much higher then the expectations to themselves. But expecting their children to be fluent in Putonghua, they also expect that their children can speak dialects in order not to "forget their roots".4. Urban village has a relatively stable population and area. The local residents and outsiders living in the same ruban village interact frequently, share the public amenities, have the common language use pattern and attitudes towards the two language varieties of dialects and Putonghua, and form the common language specification and speech act. Thus, the urban village is a typical speech community.5. Under the social background of urbanization and industrialization, Putonghua becomes increasingly important and the dialects of local residents and outsiders are influenced inevitably by Putonghua. Consequently, their old dialects has been being evoluted the new dialects with Putonghua characteristics that is called "common dialect", while the Putonghua they speak is of dialect characteristics, which is called "local Putonghua". Wether "common dialect" or "local Putonghua" is the interlanguages moving comstantly closer to standard Putonghua. It is predicted that the future development of "common dialect" and "local Putonghua" are closing indefinitely to standard Putonghua, but this process will take quite a long time.更多还原