恩格斯晚年思想政治教育理论和实践研究（1883-1895）

【作者】 马晓云；

【导师】 江秀乐；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 思想政治教育， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 恩格斯晚年(1883—1895)处于世界社会主义运动深刻的转型之中,无产阶级运动和社会主义事业发展进入到一个新的历史阶段。在这一特定的历史发展环境中,资本主义发展的相对稳定性、社会主义斗争的长期性和艰巨性以及社会主义政党存在的缺点等因素,使得马克思主义思想政治教育作为一个迫切而重大问题提到了马克思主义运动的进程中来。恩格斯晚年着眼于未来社会主义和共产主义的实现,形成了大量有关思想政治教育问题的论述,形成了具有鲜明时代特色的思想政治教育的理论和实践,构成了整个马克思主义思想政治理论体系的重要的基础性内容。本文着力从思想政治教育的本体论、目的论、方法论和实践论的视角来阐述恩格斯晚年的思想政治教育理论和实践,进而探究恩格斯晚年思想政治教育理论和实践的历史地位和时代价值。思想政治教育的本体论,是指在进行马克思主义思想政治教育过程中最基本的理论基础和方法论依据。恩格斯晚年着力阐述的灌输理论、历史合力理论、人的自由全面发展理论以及马克思主义政党的政治作用等,完善了马克思主义思想政治教育的本体论基础。这些基础理论形态对整个马克思主义理论教育事业和思想政治教育过程具有重要的支撑性作用。思想政治教育的目的论,即进行思想政治教育的目的是什么这一问题,在根本上回答思想政治教育因何发生。从目的论的视角来看,恩格斯晚年有关思想政治教育的论述,是由核心目的、直接目的和根本目的三个层次构成的一个立体式的框架。核心目的在于加强科学的马克思主义理论教育,直接目的是用马克思主义指导各国社会主义政党的健康发展,根本目的是用共产主义思想培育新人、建设社会主义和共产主义。思想政治教育的方法论是对思想政治教育过程中所依据的最主要和最基本的手段的一般性的理论思考。科学对待马克思主义、推进马克思主义的科学性与大众化相结合、把马克思主义的理论武装与对错误思想的斗争相结合、正确进行党内思想斗争、注重影响青年党员和知识分子的思想倾向以及高度重视榜样教育在思想政治教育过程中的作用等,构成了恩格斯晚年关于思想政治教育方法论的主要内容。鲜明的实践性是马克思主义最重要、最本质的特点。恩格斯晚年对思想政治教育的实践,主要体现为艰辛捍卫和发展马克思主义的理论,亲自指导一些国家无产阶级政党的理论建设,高度重视对大学生的思想政治教育,高度注重自身修养,树立起了思想政治教育主体的典范形象等方面。恩格斯晚年所形成的关于思想政治教育理论和实践在马克思主义史上具有重要的历史地位。恩格斯晚年思想政治教育理论和实践是恩格斯晚年思想的重要组成部分,是思想政治教育作为一门科学形成的重要起点,是马克思主义时代化和大众化的创新形态。恩格斯晚年思想政治教育理论和实践对于当代中国思想政治教育的发展和创新具有重要的时代价值。一是以恩格斯晚年关于思想政治教育的理论和实践为指导,牢牢地把握马克思主义灌输论的主线,不断巩固马克思主义在意识形态中的领导权,形成思想上的坚定战略定力；二是以恩格斯晚年关于思想政治教育的理论和实践为指导,不断创新思想政治教育的方法,增加马克思主义的时代吸引力和感召力；三是以恩格斯晚年关于思想政治教育的理论和实践为指导,高度重视和关心青年大学生的教育和培养,坚持用社会主义核心价值观引领青年的思想进步和人生成长；四是以恩格斯晚年关于思想政治教育的理论和实践为指导,从思想政治教育主体论的意义上深刻认识党的建设的重要作用,不断加强党的建设,探索新的形势下从严治党的规律,始终把党建设成为思想政治教育的坚强主体。更多还原

【Abstract】 The later period of Engels(1883-1895) was in profound transformation of the world socialism and in a new stage of development of the proletariat and socialist movement. In this particular historical background, Marxist political and ideological education began to be an urgent and serious issue in the process of Marxist development mainly because of the relative stability of capitalism, the long time of difficulties of socialism and the defects of Marxist political party etc.. Engels, in his later period put forward of plenty of theoretical and practical studies about political and ideological education in the view of realization of socialism and communism, which was an important and basic component of theoretical system of Marxism political and ideological education. The thesis,in the perspective of ontology, aim, methodology and practice, expounds Engels’ theory and practice of political and ideological education in his later period and forward studies its historical position and present valueOntology of political and ideological education points to the theoretical basis and methodological gist in the process of Marxism political and ideological education. The theories of instilling, historical resultant force, human’full and free development, and the role of Marxist political party, which was expounded by Engels in his later period, make perfect the ontology basis of Marxist political and ideological education and display important support role to Marxist theoretical education cause and the process of political and ideological education.The aim of political and ideological education points to the problem of what’s the purpose of political and ideological education and essential answer of why political and ideological education happens. In the perspective of aim theory, Engels’discussion of political and ideological education in his later period was a space frame made up of key aim, direct aim and essential aim. The key aim is to strengthen Marxist theoretical education. The direct aim is to use Marxism to guide socialist political party to develop healthily. The essential aim is to use the communism thoughts to cultivate new men and build socialism and communism.The methodology of political and ideological education points to the general theoretical reflection of the most important and main means of political and ideological education. The content of Engels’thought about methodology of political and ideological education was composed of those problem of how to treat scientifically Marxism, advancing the integration of Marxism’s science and popularity, correctively dealing with the intra-party struggle, influencing on the thought inclination of young party members intellectuals and paying attention to the role of model education in the process of political and ideological education.The most important and essential character of Marxism is its obvious particularity of practice. The practice of Engels’political and ideological education in his later period was mainly embodied as the following aspects, such as hardly defending and developing Marxism, directing by himself the theoretical construction of some countries’proletariat parties, paying high attention to the political and ideological education of college students and self cultivation.It is of significance of Engels’ theory and practice of political and ideological education in the history of Marxism. As an important part of the whole thoughts of Engels in his later period, Engels’ theory and practice of political and ideological education in his later period was important starting point of political and ideological education as a discipline and the creation result of Marxism’s advancing with the time and popularity.It is of great value of Engels’ theory and practice of political and ideological education in his later period for the development of creation of contemporary China’s political and ideological education, which can be concluded as the following aspects: Firstly, with the guide of Engels’theory and practice of political and ideological education in his later period, we should grasp firmly the main line of Marxism theory of instilling and consolidate ceaselessly the leadership of Marxism in ideology, and form the strategy firmness. Secondly, with the guide of Engels’theory and practice of political and ideological education in his later period, we should continually create the methods of political and ideological education and strengthen the attractiveness of Marxism. Thirdly, with the guide of Engels’theory and practice of political and ideological education in his later period, we should pay high attention to and care about the education and cultivation of young college students, and insist on using socialist key values to direct the though advance and growing up og the young college students. Fourthly, with the guide of Engels’theory and practice of political and ideological education in his later period, we should recognize profoundly the important role of party building in the perspective of subject of political and ideological education, and strengthen ceaselessly the party building, explore the law of strictly ruling the party in new situation, through which to consistently build the party a strong subject of political and ideological education.更多还原