【作者】 张鹏；

【导师】 储江伟；

【作者基本信息】 东北林业大学 ， 载运工具运用工程， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 随着人民生活水平的不断提高,我国汽车保有量正以前所未有的速度增长,导致交通能源消耗增加和环境污染的问题日益严重,建设节能环保、低碳、可持续发展的城市交通系统成为越来越迫切的需要。汽车行驶工况对汽车燃油消耗量有直接影响,通过降低油耗,可以有效地控制城市汽车排放污染物,减少对大气的污染。由于我国城市汽车运行的交通状况、道路建设的规模和质量等方面与欧洲有明显差异,排放及油耗标准完全照搬欧洲ECE工况不符合我国的实际情况。因此,研究适合我国城市道路交通特性的行驶工况具有实际意义。另外,汽车在不同行驶工况下制动时,大量的能量没有被充分利用,导致汽车能量效率较低。如何将消耗的能量合理利用,提升能量利用率,也是解决能源利用问题的基本途径之一。鉴与此,以哈尔滨城市道路为研究对象,针对哈尔滨市的气候特点构建不同季节不同道路类型的行驶工况,并对各类行驶工况的能量利用进行评价,试图从行驶工况能量利用的视角寻求降低城市交通能耗的途径,实现城市交通的可持续发展。论文对汽车行驶和制动过程进行了分析,提出了滑行工况、能耗、能态和能量利用率的概念,根据能量平衡原理建立了能量利用率评价模型。应用台架试验获取ECE工况不同制动初速度的滑行时间和滑行距离,通过对ECE工况的能量利用状况进行评价,制动行程能量利用率不到30%。建立ECE滑行工况循环数据表,利用ECE工况曲线和ECE滑行工况曲线进行了燃油经济性试验,对百公里油耗和平均速度两个指标的试验结果进行了分析。结果表明,ECE滑行工况比ECE工况节能,平均速度提高了12%,百公里油耗降低了25%。应用车载实时监控技术,二次开发编写程序,搭建了数据采集系统。从试验方法、试验路段、试验时段、试验车辆和驾驶要求等方面详细编制了汽车行驶工况试验数据采集方案。按夏季和冬季两个季节在选取的试验路线上采集行驶工况的有效数据20万条,应用MATLAB编制程序,将道路试验原始数据分割成1223个短行程,计算出单个短行程和总体数据的特征值结果。采用主成分分析和聚类分析方法,通过不同分类的短行程数目比例、运行时间及运行模式的时间比例比较,将夏季和冬季的短行程总体样本划分为四类进行哈尔滨城市道路行驶工况的研究。分析了不同季节哈尔滨城市道路的工况特点,汽车在道路上行驶的平均速度有较大差异,夏季为26.]km/h,冬季为19.52km/h。论文针对不同季节汽车行驶的道路条件不同,确定了构建夏季和冬季各类行驶工况的特征值选取方案。从各类短行程数据库中选取满足条件的片段,构建不同季节哈尔滨城市快速路、主干路、次干路、支路及综合行驶工况,并对其进行了误差分析。绘制了各类行驶工况速度-加速度联合三维分布图,结果表明分布趋势相近。此外,还将哈尔滨城市道路综合行驶工况与国内外行驶工况进行了比较。应用小波去噪方法将构建的不同季节各类道路瞬态工况规范处理成模态上况。建立了各类模态工况的减速工况表,确定了计算能量利用率的滑行速度区间。通过台架试验获得各类模态工况不同制动初速度的滑行时间和滑行距离,对不同季节不同道路类型模态工况的能量利用率进行了计算并评价。结果表明,不同季节、不同道路类型对能量利用率都有影响。根据不同制动初速度的滑行时间建立了夏季和冬季城市道路综合滑行工况循环数据表,利用模态工况曲线和滑行工况曲线在台架上进行燃油经济性试验,通过对百公里油耗和平均速度两个指标对试验结果进行分析,其结果是不同季节的滑行工况节能效果不相同。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the continuous improvement of people’s living standard, car ownership is growing at an unprecedented rate in our country, the problems of traffic energy shortage and environmental pollution are becoming more and more seriously, and the construction of city traffic system of energy conservation, environmental protection, low carbon and sustainable development is becoming more and more exigent.Driving conditions of vehicle has a direct effect on the car fuel consumption. City car emissions can be effectively controlled and the pollution of atmosphere can be reduced by droping the fuel consumption. Due to the characteristics of the urban car driving conditions, the scale and quality of road construction in China, and so on, has obvious difference from Europe, completely copying European ECE cycle does not conform to the actual situation of our country, thus, the study of driving cycle based on the characteristic of urban road traffic conditions suitable for our country has practical significance. In addition, when car brakes under different driving cycles, massive energy is not entirely used, and energy utilization of the cars is reduced. How to reasonably use the consumed energy and reduce energy consumption is also the way to solve the energy using problem. In view of this problem, taking Harbin as research object and according to its climate characteristics, driving conditions of different seasonsand road types was built and the energy use of all kinds of driving cycles was evaluated trying to find the ways to reduce energy consumption of the urban traffic from the angle of view of the energy utilization for driving conditions to realize the sustainable development of urban traffic.In this paper, automobile driving and braking process was analyzed, the concepts of working condition of sliding, energy consumption, energy state and energy utilization were put forward. Energy efficiency model was built according to the principle of energy balance. The sliding time and distance about different braking original speed were gained at the working condition of ECE by applying the bench test. Braking energy utilization rate is less than 30% through evaluating the energy using situation of ECE working condition. Fuel economy test has been done using ECE performance curve and ECE sliding performance curve by establishing the ECE cycle data table of sliding conditions and analyzing two indicators of the fuel consumption of per 100km and the average speed. Results show that ECE sliding condition is less than the ECE conditions in the aspect of energy saving, which the average speed is improved by 12%, and the fuel consumption of per 100km is reduced by 25%.Data acquisition system has been set up by using on-board real-time monitoring and secondary development technology. From the test process design, test method, test section, test time, test vehicle and driving requirement and so on, the test data collection scheme of the car condition has been compiled in detail.200000 valid data of driving working conditions were collected on selected test route according to summer and winter. By applying MATLAB software to compile programs, the road test raw data were divided by 1223 short strokes, and the characteristic value for the single short stroke and the whole data were calculated. Using principal component analysis and cluster analysis method, through the comparison of the proportion of short stroke number, operation time and operation mode time for the different classification, the whole sample for short stroke of summer and winter is divided into four categories in order to study Harbin roads conditions. Analyzing the working characteristics of different seasons in Harbin, results shows that the average speed of the car on the road has big difference, it is 26.1km/h in summer, and 19.53km/h in winter.The selected schemes of construction characteristic value of all kinds driving modes were determined in summer and winter according to the different road conditions and different seasons in the paper. Roads types which are including express way, arterial road, sub-arterial road, branch road, and comprehensive condition were constructed in different seasons in Harbin from all kinds of short trip database, and the error analysis was also made. Drawing speed-acceleration joint distribution figure respectively of all kinds of driving conditions, results showed that the trend of the curve is similar. Moreover, comprehensive running condition in Harbin was compared in home and abroad.Transient conditions of various road types in the different seasons were dealt with into modal conditions by using wavelet de-noising method. After setting up reducing speed condition tables of all kinds of working conditions, the gliding speed range was determined in order to calculate energy utilization rate. Through bench test, getting the sliding time and distance of all kinds of modal working condition at different braking original speed, and making the calculation and evaluation to the energy utilization ratio at different seasons and different road types, results show that different seasons and road types have certain influence on energy utilization rate. Establishing comprehensive sliding condition cycle data table according to sliding time at different braking original speed in summer and winter, and using modal condition curve and sliding conditions curve, fuel economy on the bench test has been done. Analyzing the test results by the two indices of fuel consumption per 100km and the average speed, results show that the energy saving effect is different fromsliding condition of different seasons.更多还原