【作者】 孔石；

【导师】 马建章；

【作者基本信息】 东北林业大学 ， 自然保护区学， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 自然保护区有广义和狭义之分,目前得到广泛承认的广义自然保护区(protected area)又译作保护地,系指“致力于生物多样性,自然及其相关文化资源的保护和维持,并通过立法或其他有效手段进行管理的陆地和海域”(IUCN,1994),依照上述定义,除自然保护区外,我国的主要自然保护形式还包括风景名胜区,地质公园,森林公园,湿地公园等。经过近60年的发展,我国的自然保护区体系已经形成了可观的规模并取得了可喜的成绩,但同时我们也遗憾的发现,这种各类自然保护形式独立发展,各自为政的发展模式已经难以为继,急需改变：首先是重复建设和重复投入情况严重,各主管部门自行其事缺乏统一的宏观规划与协调,致使各保护类别界限模糊范围交叉,造成我国自然保护区重复建设和管理臃余状况严重,浪费了本就不充足的自然保护资金和有限的人力物力。其次是造成了我国的自然保护区发展不均衡状况。这种不均衡性主要表现在,其一是林业系统所占比例过大；其二是保护区的覆盖率在全国的分布相当不均匀,高密度人口地区保护区覆盖率过低；其三是国家级保护区所占面积比例偏高。客观上造成了我国的自然保护区尚存在严重的保护空缺,许多物种和重要的生物地理单元都面临严重威胁。调查表明,虽然我国的国字号保护地已经达到了1900个,但仍然有许多关键生态系统和重要物种没有得到很好的保护覆盖。宏观布局混乱、宏观协调机制缺失、宏观管理不利是造成我国自然保护事倍功半、低效率重复的主要根源之一,在宏观管理失控的情况下,仅靠努力去提高单体自然保护形式的管理水平,都只是治标不治本的保护行为,无法从根本上改变我国自然保护事业孱弱的格局。因此,当务之急是厘清我国自然保护宏观布局和宏观调控的问题。基于上述认识,本文选取了我国最主要的五种自然保护形式,运用GIS空间分析方法,结合我国人口密度和城市发展指数等社会经济指标数据,分析它们与自然保护区之问的空间分布特点及相互关系,得出如下主要结论：(1)我国各省间保护区和风景名胜区的数量差异很大,而且二者在地理分布上也存在显著差异,风景名胜区主要集中在南方长江流域、黄河中段等地区,而在较偏远的东北和西部地区或者人稀区域保护区的数量相对较多。从总体上来看,风景名胜区较自然保护区相对集中。风景名胜区集中度与人口集中度呈成正相关；在不考虑省份的影响下,中东部地区风景名胜区分布相对集中,人口稀疏的西部自然保护区相对集中。国家级风景名胜区基本在城市周围分布,分布趋势也较相似,呈现出一定的规律性；而国家级自然保护区与城市的偏离度很大,与城市的关联性很小。空间分布密度图表明无论是国家自然保护区还是国家级风景名胜区都呈现出集中分布的情况,自然保护区和风景名胜区密集程度都高于全国平均密度的区域为京津唐地区、川陕地区、云贵高原、长江中下游地区。(2)中国各省间保护区和国家地质公园的数量存在巨大差异,国家地质公园主要集中在南方长江流域等地区,而保护区多分布在较偏远的东北和西部地区或者人稀区域。从总体上来看,国家地质公园较自然保护区相对集中,且大部分集中在南方地区。地质公园集中度与人口集中度呈成正相关;在不考虑省份的影响下,中东部地区地质公园分布相对集中,人口稀疏的西部自然保护区相对集中。在新疆、西藏、青海等西北地区自然保护区的数量不高,但单体保护区的面积均较大,因此在面积分布上,该地区所占比重较大；与之相反,虽然中东部地区自然保护区数量较多,但每个自然保护区的面积都比较小；而地质公园的面积在全国范围内均比较均衡。(3)湿地保护区和湿地公园分布情况与中国湿地、水系分布相对一致,呈现出“东密西疏”的分布格局。密度图表明无论是湿保护区还是湿地公园都呈现出集中分布的情况,其中湿地保护区主要集中在三大区域：东北松花江流域、长江中下游地区和东南沿海地区；湿地公园分布较分散,主要分布在北京、山东、长江入海口、湖北和湖南交界处、四川东部、山西、陕西、广东南部等地区。西北部,如新疆、西藏、青海等省份拥有大面积的湿地,湿地保护区和湿地公园的数量却非常少,部分区域仍存在保护空白区。从全国范围来看,虽然湿地保护区数量多于湿地公园,但湿地保护区分布极不均匀,严重偏向东南部地区。(4)森林公园在保护地系统中占的比例最大,森林公园主要分布于东北和内蒙古山地平原区、华北平原和黄土高原区、华东丘陵平原等区；森林公园与城市离散度较小,距离较近,其发展程度与城市有一定的关系。我国中南、华东等地各自然保护形式的地理分布较密集,覆盖率较高,而在西北、西南和华北等地的局部地区,尚有不少的覆盖空缺。海南、长江流域、福建、浙江和海南分布的自然保护区面积虽然不大,没有完全覆盖重点区域,但是将其他四种形式保护地叠加后,这几个地区分布的重点区域几乎被完全覆盖,生物多样性被很好的保护。云南、四川、甘肃、广西地区的重点区域都有少部分面积被不同形式的保护地保护,保护地分布较分散,面积小。新疆、东北、内蒙古的重点区域的少部分面积被保护区、森林公园、地质公园和湿地公园保护,各保护形式较分散,但面积大。其中湿地公园保护面积较大,保护生物多样性力度较大。青海的重点区域有一半的面积被自然保护区覆盖。西藏的重点区域几乎无保护地覆盖。更多还原

【Abstract】 The concepts of nature reserve have broad sense and narrow sense. The broad concept of nature reserve is widely acknowledged as protected area:"A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values committed to biological diversity, the protection of the natural and associated cultural resources, and maintain, and through legislation or other effective means for management of land and sea" (IUCN,1994). The narrow concept of nature reserve refers to some places in land, fresh water or sea water having representative natural ecosystem, natural concentrated distribution area of rare and endangered species of wild fauna and flora species, and special significant natural monument, which is recongnised by law and is given special protection and management (Terms of nature reserve in China,2007). According to above definition, in addition to the nature reserves of narrow sense, the generalized nature reserve mainly include scenic area, geological park, forest park, wetland park, and other forms of the original habitat conservation.After nearly 60 years of development, China’s nature reserve system has formed a considerable scale and has made gratifying achievements, but at the same time, we also find that the development of all natural protected area is independently, fragmented and unsustainable which needs to change. Firstly, the main problems are repetitive construction and investments, the different departments established protected form by themselves, lacking planning and coordination, which cause the boundaries of protection categories overlapped and unclear. The repeat construction of nature reserves in China wasted the limited fund, human and other resources for natural protection. Secondly this caused the imbalance development of China’s natural reserves. This imbalance is mainly manifested in large proportion of the forestry system nature reserves, the uneven distribution (the reserve coverage rate of high density population region is low), and the area ratio of national reserve is too large. There are still gaps in our nature reserve establishment, many species and important biological geographical units are facing serious threat. We have established 1900 national nature reserves, but there are still many key ecosystems and important species not covered and got good protection.Therefore, layout disorder, lack of macro coordination mechanism, no effective management is the causes of wasted effort and low efficiency of Nature Reserves in China. In order to fundamentally change the pattern of weak natural protection in China, the highest priority is to solve the macro layout and regulation of nature reserves.Based on above problems, we selected 5 main protected areas in China, using GIS spatial analysis method, combining with population density, urban development index and social economic indicators data, analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics and relationship between them.. The following results were obtained:(1) The distribution pattern of five kinds of natural protection forms in China is dense in East, sparse in West. According to the number of distribution, five main protected areas of are relatively concentrated in densely populated areas of middle and east China, and it’s relatively rare in West; for the space distribution characteristics, scenic areas, geological parks and forest parks are concentrated in east China, central south area, having high density in East, low density in West; but the spatial distribution of the nature reserves and wetland park is balanced in East and West China.(2) The number distribution of China’s five main protected areas is consistent with "Heihe-Tengchong population distribution line", that means more protection sites are in the area of population density; And on the space distribution, nature reserve is not consistent with "Heihe-Tengchong population distribution line", the geographical distribution of national nature reserve is mostly in the low population density region, but the rest of the four kinds of natural protected areas of are distributed mainly in population density area.(3) By the analysis of city distribution density index, the results shows China’s five main protected areas have consistency with the distribution of cities, and more protected areas are concentrated in urban area. It is because in recent years our country attaches great importance to the development of ecological tourism resources in protected areas.(4) After China’s biodiversity hotspots and ecosystem key regional distribution and species distribution were analyzed, the results showed forest parks, wetland parks, national parks and geological parks help nature reserves to alleviate the pressure of natural resources protection, and enrich the forms of protected area in China. Without considering the problem of management effectiveness, there is space complementary between the five kinds of protected areas, so they effectively made up for some conservation gaps. But there is still a vacancy in the overall coverage of protected areas, for example the main conservation gap are mainly distributed in Tibet, Qinghai, and seas near Taiwan, and Yunnan, Sichuan, Gansu, Guangxi, Xinjiang, Northeast, Inner Mongolia, also has a few key areas not covered by any type of protected areas.In conclusion, the five main protected areas in China have overlapping problems on space layout, and also formed the good complementary relationship, which is the foundation of unified planning and management.更多还原