【作者】 王友华；

【导师】 吴中宇；

【作者基本信息】 华中科技大学 ， 社会保障， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 人口老龄化已是21世纪最重要的趋势之一。作为世界上唯一一个老年人口过亿的大国,据统计,我国60岁或以上的老年人口在2013年底已突破两亿。作为一个规模庞大的群体,老年人的福利生活状也日益引起了社会各界的高度关注。因此,调查我国老年人口的福利生活现状,探究其背后的影响机制,并据此提出有针对性的相关建议或措施,对于我国顺利实现老龄化就显得尤为重要。本研究使用的数据来源于2013年在重庆地区进行的、以60岁或以上老人为研究样本的两次社会调查。基于我国先前老年人福利生活相关研究过多集中在经济、主观心理等方面的客观现实,本研究首先根据阿玛蒂亚·森的可行能力福利思想,调查了老年人在“客观物质福利”、“日常活动”、“健康生活方式”、“健康状态与就诊行为”和“主观福利”这五个“突出功能性活动”现状。在此基础上,本研究采用两种不同的社会资本分析范式来探究其对老人福利生活的影响机制。通过理论分析和实证检验,本研究主要得到以下结论：(1)客观物质福利方面。认知型社会资本中,对于经济收入,产生影响的是社区层次的亲熟信任和个体层次的普遍信任、公共参与和互惠,但只有个体互惠的影响方向为正;对于老人拥有的家庭耐用品,社区制度信任和个体亲熟信任共同影响着其价值；社区制度信任和个体互惠共同影响着其种类数目,而且个体互惠的影响还受到社区亲熟信任的制约。网络社会资本中,重要节日网中的亲戚密度负向影响老人的客观福利生活水平,而网络资源和餐饮网变量起的作用恰恰相反；同时,重要节日网络的规模和日常交往网的朋友密度这两个变量取值的增加有利于促进老人对家庭耐用品的拥有。模型比较后发现,社区对老年人拥有家庭耐用品种类的影响最大,网络社会资本中的网络规模及其密度指标的解释力最强。(2)日常活动方面。认知型社会资本中,尽管两种类型的日常活动都受到个体层次有关变量的影响,但日常基本活动功能还受到社区层次有关变量即制度信任与亲熟信任的影响。其中,个体普遍信任显著负向影响老人的日常基本活动功能,而个体互惠却正向影响老人日常复杂活动功能。网络社会资本中,重要节日网络中的网络资源、日常交往网和餐饮网都显著影响老人的日常活动功能。其中,只有日常交往网络的亲戚密度负向影响老人的日常基本活动功能。模型比较后发现,社区与老人两种类型的日常活动功能都属于中度关联强度；同时,重要节日网络的网络规模及其相关密度不产生显著影响。(3)健康生活方式方面。认知型社会资本中,社区层次的公共参与、亲熟信任、制度信任分别对老人吸烟、喝酒和健身锻炼可能性有着显著影响；个体层次的亲熟信任越高,老人吸烟和参与锻炼的可能性都大,而且对后者的影响还在不同社区间有着显著不同；网络社会资本中,重要节日网络的规模对老人的吸烟、喝酒都有重要影响,同时日常社会网络在老人的喝酒、锻炼行为上也发挥着重要影响。此外,餐饮网和重要节日网络的顶端还分别对老人的喝酒、锻炼行为有着促进作用。模型比较后发现,社区认知型社会资本对老人喝酒行为的影响最大,其后依次是锻炼行为和吸烟行为。(4)健康状态和慢性病就诊行为方面。在健康状态上,认知型社会资本中,社区层次的制度信任能显著负向影响老人患慢性疾病可能性,而较高的互惠和公共参与水平却能直接提高老人自评健康的可能性；个体层次上,老人制度信任和亲熟信任水平越高,患慢性疾病的可能性越低,自评健康的可能性也显著增加；同时,对老人自评健康的影响,不同层次之间还有着交互效应。网络社会资本中,三种社会网络中,依旧是重要节日网络发挥的影响更大,尤其是对自评健康的影响上。在慢性病的医院治疗可能性上,老人日常交往网的亲戚密度和个体亲熟信任都具有显著的负向影响,而且后者的影响受到多种社区因素的显著制约。模型比较后发现,社区认知型社会资本对老人患慢性病可能性的影响最大,其后依次为自评健康和慢性病到医院就诊可能性。(5)主观福利方面。认知型社会资本中,社区层次上的制度信任、公共参与和普遍信任分别对老人的焦虑感、抑郁感和主观幸福感有着显著影响；个体层次上,亲熟信任水平的影响比较复杂,其值越高,在增强老人焦虑感的同时又能减少老人的抑郁感;老人互惠水平越高,抑郁感越少、主观幸福感越高。此外,对老人焦虑感和抑郁感的影响还受到社区因素的制约。网络社会资本中,重要节日网络中的网络资源变量对本研究中的三种老人主观福利均有显著影响,日常交往网在老人的焦虑感和主观幸福感方面也发挥着重要影响,餐饮机会的增多有助于减少老人的焦虑感。模型比较后发现,社区与老人主观福利都属于中度关联强度,影响程度由大到小依次为抑郁感、焦虑感和主观幸福感；网络社会资本中,无论是在模型解释力的贡献还是影响显著性上,网络资源有关变量发挥的作用最大。最后,在以上研究结果的基础上,本研究还就如何改善和提高老人相关领域的福利生活提出了有针对性的相关措施与建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 Population aging has proved to be the most significant trend of people’s development in the21st century. According to statistics, China, the only large country with more than100million aged populations in the world, has witnessed a rapid increase of60-year-old and above population exceeding200million by the end of2013. Owing to the vast number of aged population, the welfare of them can exert enormous impact not only on themselves or their family, but also on the country and the whole society, thus attracting public attention. Therefore, it is of great importance to investigate on current welfare condition of aged population, explore its influence mechanism and put forward specific suggestions and measures for the sake of smooth realization of population aging.The data of this dissertation comes from two surveys conducted in Chongqing by taking60-year-old and above population as samples. Based on the fact that previous domestic researches on elderly population’s wellbeing focused too much on economy and psychological condition of aged population, this study proceeds from capability approach welfare thought put forward by Amartya Sen and investigates on the condition of elderly population’s five outstanding functioning, including:objective material welfare, daily activities, healthy behavior, health state and medical treatment seeking and subjective wellbeing. On this basis, this study attempts to explore influence mechanism affecting aged population’s welfare based on two different social capital theory analytic paradigms.The following conclusions can be reached in this study by theoretical analysis and empirical test.(1) On elderly population’s objective material welfare. Among aspects of cognitive social capital, as for economic income, acquaintance trust at community level and general trust, public participation and reciprocity at individual level have influence on aged population’s welfare, but only the influence of reciprocity at individual level is positive. As for their family durable goods, institution trust at community level and acquaintance trust at individual level have an effect on their value, and both institution trust at community level and reciprocity at individual level have influence on the varieties and numbers of durable goods, among which the influence of reciprocity at individual level is restricted by acquaintance trust at community level. Among aspects of network social capital, relative destiny of important festival network has negative impact on aged population’s objective material welfare, while the impact of network resource and catering network is positive. At the same time, the increased value of important festival network scale and friend destiny of daily interaction network help promote aged population possessing family durable goods. After model comparison, community has the most significant impact on the varieties of their family durable goods, and network scale and its destiny have the most explaining power.(2) On elderly population’s daily activities. Among aspects of cognitive social capital, although both their basic daily activities and complex daily activities are influenced by variables at individual level, only their basic daily activities are influenced by institution trust and acquaintance trust at community level, with their basic daily activities significantly influenced by general trust at individual level and complex daily activities significantly influenced by reciprocity at individual level. Among aspects of network social capital, network resource, daily interaction network and catering network exert great impact on their daily activities functioning, only relative destiny of daily interaction network negatively influencing their daily activities functioning. By model comparison, it indicates moderate correlation between community and two types of daily activities functioning and shows that network scale and its destiny have no significant effect.(3) On elderly population’s healthy lifestyle. Among aspects of cognitive social capital, public participation, acquaintance trust and institution trust at community level exert significant impact on the likelihood of aged population smoking, drinking and taking exercise respectively, and at individual level, the higher the degree of acquaintance trust is, the more likely aged people will be to smoke and take exercise, the influence on the latter varying significantly in different communities. Among aspects of network social capital, important festival network scale has important effect on aged population smoking, drinking, and so does daily social network on their drinking and exercising behavior. In addition, catering network and the top of important festival network facilitate their drinking and taking exercise respectively. It can be found through model comparison that cognitive social capital at community level exerts the most significant influence on aged population’s drinking behavior, followed by their exercising and smoking behavior.(4) On elderly population’s health and medical treatment seeking. As for health, among the aspects of cognitive social capital, institution trust at community level has significant negative influence on the chance of suffering from chronic diseases for aged population, while higher level of reciprocity and public participation directly increase the possibility that aged population tend to rate themselves as healthy ones; at individual level, the higher level of institution trust and acquaintance trust is, the less likely aged population will be to develop chronic diseases and the more likely they will be to rate themselves healthy. And for the factors which have impacts on self-rated health, different levels have interaction effect. Among aspects of network social capital, important festival network, one of three kinds of social capital, exerts the greatest effects, especially on self-rated health. As for medical treatment seeking for chronic disease, relative destiny of daily interaction network and acquaintance trust at individual level have significant negative influence, the influence of the latter significantly moderated by many factors at community level. Taking advantage of mode comparison, cognitive social capital at community level has the greatest influence on the possibility of aged population’s developing chronic diseases, followed by self-rated health and medical treatment seeking for chronic disease.(5) On elderly population’s subjective well-being. Among aspects of cognitive social capital, institution trust, public participation and general trust at community level have significant influence on their sense of anxiety, depression and subjective well-being; at individual level, the influence of acquaintance trust is complex, with its higher score enhancing old people’s sense of anxiety but reducing their sense of depression. More reciprocal perceptions of old people reduce the sense of depression and raise their subjective well-being. In addition, the influence of cognitive social capital on their sense of anxiety and depression is restricted by community factors. Regarding network social capital, network resource variables in important festival network has remarkable effect on three kinds of aged population’s subject wellbeing in this study. Daily interaction network exerts great impact on their sense of anxiety and subject wellbeing. And the increase of catering opportunities enhances reducing their sense of anxiety. After comparing models, it indicates moderate correlation between community and aged population’s subjective wellbeing, and the grade of influence (from high to low) as follows:sense of depression, sense of anxiety and sense of subjective wellbeing. Among aspects of network social capital, variables of network resource play the most significant role whether in model explaining power or in influence significance.At last, based on the above conclusions, this dissertation has presented relevant suggestions and measures on how to improve and enhance aged population’s wellbeing.更多还原