【作者】 徐鹏；

【导师】 曾令良；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 国际法学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 国际人权法的兴起是20世纪国际法发展的主要标志之一。1966年通过的《公民权利和治权利国际公约》和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》(以下简称为两公约)确认了人权的基本特征,并成为无数国际人权条约的基础。然而,再完善的公约如果得不到有效实施也只能是一纸空文。自两公约生效的那一刻起,实施问题就成为了国际社会共同关注的焦点。多年来,国际团体和人权组织一直在呼吁“把人权带回家”。对于两公约缔约国而言,如何在坚持国家主权与切实保障人权之间找到适当的平衡是它们最关心的问题。对两公约实施机制的相关国际法律制度进行全面、深入的研究无论是对于两公约的发展前景,还是对于中国人权法律制度的改革和政策选择都具有重要的意义。本文分为导论,正文和结论三个部分,其中正文共有五章。导论部分首先提出论文所要研究的问题,就与本研究相关的主要文献进行述评,并简要介绍论文的研究思路、研究方法和结构安排。第一章对人权条约实施、人权条约监督、人权条约遵守的基本概念进行初步界定并阐述三者之间的关系。人权条约的实施是指通过具体措施落实和保证人权条约的义务得到履行的过程。人权条约的监督是指人权条约机构建立的用于监测人权标准在缔约国国内的遵守情况的所有程序。人权条约的遵守是指缔约国的行为符合人权条约的相关规定。在整个人权条约体系中,人权的监督和实施相辅相成,监督是为了促进人权条约更好的实施。人权条约的实施和遵守不同,实施的最终目的是实现遵守,但遵守不以实施为前提,不实施有时也可能出现遵守的效果。第二章探讨两公约的实施要求。公民权利和政治权利与经济、社会、文化权利相互依存,不可分割。对于两公约的实施不能用截然分立的观点来看待。《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约任择议定书》和国际实践有力地证实了经济、社会、文化权利与公民权利和政治权利一样具有可裁决性。两公约分别设置了专门的监督机制来促进公约的履行。尽管设立的背景和发展过程不同,随着时间的推移,两公约的监督模式逐步走向趋同。但两公约都存在大量的迟延提交报告、报告质量差等问题,国家间指控从未启动,个人来文程序的利用率不高。第三章分析两公约及其条约机构的决定在缔约国实施的情况。加入两公约意味着缔约国要从立法、司法、行政等多个层面落实两公约的要求。在立法层面上,一元论和二元论的国家采取不同的方式使公约在国内得以适用。在司法层面上,两公约被许多缔约国用来解释相关的国内法律规范,还有的国家将其作为司法判决的直接渊源。在行政措施方面,缔约国通过采取各种人权计划,设立国家人权机构等方式保证两公约的履行。两公约人权机构的决定是考察两公约实施中不可或缺的组成部分。无论是一般性意见、结论性意见还是针对个人来文做出的意见,各缔约国对其法律效力有不同的看法和实践。但总体上,两公约人权机构的决定被认为没有法律拘束力,缔约国没有履行这些决定的义务。第四章结合缔约国的实践考察两公约的实施效果。判断两公约实施效果的工具是人权指标,两公约的法律框架中均包含了人权指标的内容。但是,信息收集的准确性和衡量领域的广泛性直接影响人权指标的合理性和衡量结果。从直接效果的角度上看,两公约对缔约国影响的程度不一。积极参与两公约体系的国家实施效果明显,而很少涉足两公约体系的国家显示的实施效果很弱。但在间接效果方面,两公约增强了人权意识,促进了人权的普遍性,宣示了人权保障标准的认同。影响两公约实施的因素很多,缺乏实施公约的政治意愿和国内实施制度上的障碍以及两公约人权机构的制度性缺陷妨碍了两公约的有效实施。应当鼓励缔约国积极参与两公约体系,充分发挥非政府组织以及其他非国家实体在人权动员方面的作用。两公约人权机构应恪守职权并采取适当的措施提高工作效率。第五章探讨《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》在中国的实施概况。作为《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》的缔约国,中国已经采取了积极的措施履行该公约下的义务。然而,事实证明中国在经济、社会、文化权利的保障方面和该公约的要求仍然存在一定的差距。中国应完善经济、社会、文化权利的相关立法,通过调解和司法救济相结合的方式促进经济、社会、文化权利的司法救济,在适当的时候建立独立的国家人权机构促进该公约在中国的实施。结论部分对全文的主要内容简要作出总结,阐明全文的主要观点,根据新近召开的第十八届四中全会,分析中国人权尤其是公民权利和政治权利的保护趋势,并提出尚未解决的问题。更多还原

【Abstract】 The20th century recognized the rise of international human rights law as one of the main symbol of the time. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights adopted in1966.(hereinafter referred to as two Covenants) confirm the basic characteristics of human rights and become the basis of numerous international human rights treaties. However, the Covenants will be a "dead letter" without effective implementation. The implementation of the two Covenants has attracted the attention of the international community since they came into force. Over the years, international bodies and human rights organizations have been calling for "bring human rights home". States parties to the two Covenants are concerned about how to strike the balance between effectively safeguarding national sovereignty and adhering to the Covenants.The comprehensive research on international legal system of implementation mechanism of the two Covenants has significant importance both for the prospects of the two Covenants and the reforms of China’s human rights legal system and policy choices.This thesis is divided into three major sections:introduction, body and conclusion. The main body of the thesis consists of five chapters.The introduction section presents the issues to be adressed, conducts a major review of the relevant literature and a brief description of the research paper ideas, research methods and structural arrangement.Chapter one defines the basic concepts of the implementation and monitoring of human rights treaties, enforcement and complying with human rights treaties and the relationship among them. Implementation of human rights treaties means the process obtained by specific measures to carry out the human rights obligations. Monitoring the human rights treaty refers to all procedures to detect the State party’s compliance with human rights standards. Compliance with human rights treay refers to the activities by states parties conforming to the relevant human rights treaty. In the human rights treaty system, Monitoring and implementation of human rights complement each other. Supervision is to promote better implementation of human rights treaties. Implementation is different from compliance with human rights treaty. Implementation aims to compliance with human rights treaty, while implementation is not a premise of compliance. Compliance can occur without implementation.It is difficult to make a clear distinction between human rights monitoring and enforcement in human rights treaty system. In a broad sense, the enforcement of human rights treaties means all measures taken to oblige states to respect for the human rights. The reputation sanctions can only play a very weak role in the field of human rights. Transnational legal process provides a better model of the States parties to comply with human rights norms.Chapter two discusses the requirements of the implementation of the two Covenants. Civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights are interdependent and indivisible. The implementation of the two Covenants can not be treated in a separate way. The Optional Protocol of International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and international practices effectively confirmed that the economic, social and cultural rights is justiciable.Two Covenants set out a special monitoring mechanism to facilitate the implementation of the Conventions. Despite of the different backgrounds and the development process, the supervision mode of two Covenants gradually converge over the time. But there are a lot of overdue reports and poor quality reporting. inter-State complaints have never been used, the individual communications end up with low efficiency.The third chapter analyzes the situation of the application of the two Covenants and the treaty body decisions in the States parties. To join the Covenants means that States Parties should satisfy the requirements of the two Covenants at all levels of government. At the legislative level, monism and dualism countries take a different approach for the Convention application. At the judicial level, the two Covenants are used to explain the relevant domestic laws and regulations as well as the basis of a judicial judgement by a number of States parties. As for the administrative measures, State parties take various human rights programs and establish national human rights institutions to ensure the fulfillment of the two Covenants. Decisions by human rights treaty body are indispensable part of the implementation of the two Covenants. The States parties have different views and practices on the general comments, concluding observations and views adopted on individual communications. As a whole, the decisions by the two human rights treaty bodies are not considered legally binding, the State party have no obligations to comply with these decisions.Chapter four deals with the impact of the implementation of two Covenants based on the State parties practices. Human rights indicators are useful instrument for estimating the effect of two Covenants. Human rights indicators are included in the two Covenants. However, the accuracy and breadth of information gathering have direct impact on rationality and results of human rights indicators. From the perspective of the direct effect, two Covenants have different impact on States parties. The impact of two Covenants is obvious on States parties which actively invovled in two Covenants, but the Covenants have little effect on the states which rarely set foot in it.In the sense of indirect effect, the two Covenants enhance the awareness of human rights, promote the universality of human rights and identify the human rights standards. There are many factors affecting the implementation of the two Covenants, the lack of political will to implement the Convention, institutional deficiencies of domestic institutional and the human rights treaty agencies hamper the effective implementation of the two Covenants. States Parties should be encouraged to participate actively in the two Covenants system, give full play to the role of non-governmental organizations and other non-state entities in terms of human rights mobilization. The human rights treaty bodies should abide by the terms of the Conventions and take appropriate measures to improve their efficiency.Chapter five explores the implementation profiles of the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in China, and analyzes the prospects of ratification and implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. As the state party to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, China has taken active measures to fulfill its obligations under the Convention. However, there are still some gaps between China’s action and requirements of the Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. China should make great efforts to improve the relevant legislation of economic, social and cultural rights. Integrating mediation into judicial remedies to develop judicial remedies for the economic, social and cultural rights. Establishing the independent national human rights institutions in China at an appropriate time to promote the implementation of the Convention.The conclusion summarizes the main ideas of the essay, clarifies the key points of the text, according to the Fourth Plenary Session of the18th, analyze trends in China’s human rights policy, especially the protection of civil and political rights and proposes unresolved issues.更多还原