【作者】 周兴本；

【导师】 郭修武；

【作者基本信息】 沈阳农业大学 ， 果树学， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 水肥是影响葡萄产量和品质最重要的因素,目前水肥耦合效应在大田作物上研究较多,而在果树植物上报道较少,尤其水肥耦合效应对葡萄产量品质、生理代谢及氮素的利用分配的影响研究报道较少。本试验以避雨栽培下2a生无核白鸡心葡萄为试材,采取15N同位素示踪技术,通过分析水肥配比对葡萄生长发育、氮代谢相关酶活性、标记氮肥利用率及其分配的影响,初步探明葡萄在不同生育期对水肥的需求情况及氮素代谢的基本规律。同时,采用四因素五水平的通用旋转设计,建立了葡萄产量品质等不同指标的水肥模型,为葡萄生产中精准灌溉施肥提供了重要的理论依据。主要结果如下：1.不同水分条件下避雨栽培无核白鸡心葡萄净光合速率的在整个生育期随田间持水量增加而提高,日变化呈现单峰曲线,峰值出现在11点左右。无核白鸡心葡萄的荧光参数在新梢生长期、坐果期、转色期的变化总体随田间持水量增加而呈上升趋势,日变化总体上与田间持水量呈正相关。2.综合叶面积与光合速率来看,萌芽期和坐果期水分为田间持水量的55%～60%、施肥配比为N：P：K=2：5：3的水肥处理能有效促进叶面积增加,提高光合速率；转色期和采收后需维持正常含水量和适当增施钾肥可提高光合速率。随着水分胁迫程度的增加,无核白鸡心葡萄脯氨酸含量及丙二醛含量增加,SOD酶活性先升高后降低。中度胁迫水平下,增施磷钾肥可使脯氨酸和丙二醛含量的增加,从而提高植株对水分胁迫的抵抗能力。3.从整个生长期来看,在轻度水分胁迫(水分为田间持水量的55%～60%)下、施肥配比为N：P：K=2：5：3的水肥处理下硝酸还原酶活性较高,且适量增施钾肥可提高硝酸还原酶活性。水分胁迫处理使谷氨酰胺合成酶活性先升高后降低,且使谷丙转氨酶活性升高。生长期增施钾肥使葡萄GS与GPT二者活性显著增高,这说明N、K施用之间存在互作效应,增施K肥可提高葡萄的氮代谢活动。总蛋白质,总氮与NR、GS、2GPT之间存在一定的相关性,且肥料配比对其之间相关性的影响不大。在轻度水分胁迫下,增加钾肥的使用量,可以提高氮代谢相关酶的活性,提高蛋白质含量和氮肥效能,从而提高植株对水分胁迫的抵抗能力。4.不同水肥处理的无核白鸡心葡萄Ndff值均表现出一致的规律,地上部新生器官叶片、新梢中Ndff值较高,主蔓和根系贮藏器官Ndff较低。表明新生营养器官(新梢、叶片)对15N的征调能力较强,贮藏器官(主蔓、根系)对15N的征调能力则较弱。在相同的肥料配比下,轻中度水分胁迫可以增强葡萄植株对氮肥的吸收能力,提高器官Ndff值。不同水肥配比处理各器官中15N分配趋势基本一致,根系15N分配率最高,其次是新梢、主蔓,叶片的15N分配率最低。从整个植株的当季15N利用率来看,不同水肥处理氮肥利用率在15.3%～25.7%之间。相同肥料配比下,轻度水分胁迫下植株氮肥利用率最高；在相同水分条件下,提高磷钾肥比例可以提高葡萄植株的氮肥利用率。5.通过回归模型表明,土壤含水量对新梢生长量、叶面积有显著的正效应影响,其次是氮肥和磷肥,且水分与氮肥交互作用明显。对新梢生长量函数模型寻优得出最佳水肥配比方案为葡萄整个生长期水肥量分别为W=80%FC,N=40g.plant-1, P2O5=4.06 g.plant-1, K2O=4.67 g.plant-1,此时新梢生长量达73.23cm。对葡萄叶面积函数模型寻优得出最佳水肥配比推荐方案为葡萄整个生长期水肥量分别为W=72%FC, N=23.8 g.plant-1, P2O5=10 g.plant-1, K2O=30 g.plant-1,此时叶面积达259.15 cm2。6.土壤含水量、氮肥和钾肥对葡萄产量存在正效应,且土壤水分含量>氮肥>钾肥>磷肥。土壤水分与氮肥、土壤水分与钾肥对产量的交互作用明显,且水、氮过量会对产量产生报酬递减效应。对葡萄产量函数模型寻优得出最佳水肥配比方案为葡萄整个生长期水肥量分别为W=71.28%FC, N=20 g.plant-1, P2O5=8.45 g.plant-1,K2O=30 g.plant-1,此时单株产量达5.41kg.plant-1。7.磷肥和钾肥对果实可溶性固形物存在正效应,而土壤含水量、氮肥则存在负效应。影响顺序为：钾肥>磷肥>氮肥>土壤水分含量,其中水分与氮肥、水分与磷肥交互作用明显。对果实可溶性固形物函数模型寻优得出最佳水肥配比方案为葡萄整个生长期水肥量分别为W=60%FC,N=17.38g.plant-1, P2O5=12.73 g.plant-1, K2O=56 g.plant-1,此时可溶性固形物达17.33%。8.各因素对果实酸度影响次序为：钾肥>土壤水分含量>氮肥>磷肥,其中土壤含水量和磷肥对果实酸度存在正效应,而钾肥、氮肥对果实酸度存在负效应,同时水分与钾肥交互作用明显。可见,适当增施氮钾肥有利于降低葡萄浆果果实酸度,而土壤含水量过高会使果实含酸量增加。9.各因素对果实Vc含量影响的顺序为：磷肥>钾肥>氮肥>土壤水分含量,其中磷肥、钾肥、氮肥和土壤含水量均对葡萄果实Vc含量存在正效应,且水分与钾肥、氮肥与钾肥交互作用明显。对葡萄果实Vc函数模型寻优得出最佳水肥配比方案为葡萄整个生长期水肥量分别为W=64.07%FC, N=21.51 g.plant-1, P2O5=20 g.plant-1, K2O=32.71 g.plant-1,此时Vc达6.424mg/100g。更多还原

【Abstract】 Water and fertilizer are the most important factors that influence the grape yield and quality. At present, there have many research of coupling effects of Water and fertilization in field crops, while the reports were less in fruit trees. Especially, the reports of the influence on the grape yield, quality, physiological metabolism and nitrogen distribution of Coupling effects of Water and fertilization were less. Using 2 years Centennial Seedless as experimental material, taking 15N isotope tracer technique, through studying on the influence of the ratio of water and fertilizer to grape growth, nitrogen metabolism related enzyme activity, nitrogen utilization efficiency and its distribution, the basic rule of nitrogen metabolism and the demand for water and fertilizer in different growth period of grape were preliminary proved. at the same time, in order to provide theoretical basis for precise irrigation fertilization in grape production, the model of Coupling effects of Water and fertilization was set up by four factors, five levels of general rotation design.The main results were as follows:1. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of Centennial Seedless was unimodal curve under different water conditions, the peak value in around 11:00. The peak size and irrigation was positively correlated. The fluorescence parameters of Centennial Seedless were positively related to irrigation amount at shoot growth period, fruit set period and veraison period.The diurnal variation of fluorescence parameters were positively related to field capacity.2. In the shoot growth stage and fruit-set period, the treatment of 55%～60% of field capacity, fertilizer ratio of N:P:K=2:5:3 could increasing of leaf area,effectively improved photosynthetic rate; Photosynthetic rate was increased by normal water content and properly increasing potassium fertilizer at late growth stage. With the aggravation of water stress degree, pro and MDA content increased by gradient, SOD activity increased at first and then decreased. Under moderate stress level, pro and MDA content were increased by increasing phosphate and potassium fertilizer, in order to improve the ability that plant resist to water stress.3. The NR activity was effectively improved by the treatment of 55%～60% of field capacity, fertilizer ratio of N:P:K=2:5:3, the absorption and utilization of nitrogen fertilizer were promoted. The GS activity increased at first then decreased and the GPT activity increased by water stress. Under mild stress level, increasing potassium fertilizer could lead to the increase of GPT and GS activity, in order to improve the transformation and availability of nitrogen fertilizer. There was a certain correlation between total protein, total nitrogen and NR,GS,GPT. The impact of fertilizer ratio on the correlation was not big. Under mild stress level, increasing potassium fertilizer could lead to the increase of the Key Enzymes of Nitrogen Metabolism activity, in order to improve the protien content and the transformation and availability of nitrogen fertilizer. So as to improve the resistance of plants to water stress.4. The Ndff value of various tree organs were not changed under different water and fertilization ratio treatments, the Ndff value of leaves and shoots were higher,while stem and root were lower. Show that the 15N requisition ability of new vegetative organs (shoot, leaf) is stronger and that storage organs (stem, root) was weaker.At the same fertilization ratio, the capacity of grape plants to absorb nitrogen was enhanced by Mild-to-moderate water stress, and organ Ndff value was improved.The N distribution rates and use efficiencies of various tree organs in different treatments were the same.The 15N distribution rates of roots were significantly higher than other organs, new shoot and stem were second, and leaf was minimal.From the perspective of the 15N utilization rate of the whole plant, the nitrogen utilization efficiency between 15.3% and 25.7% in different water and fertilization ratio.At the same fertilization ratio, the N requisition ability of grape saplings at the mild stress level was best. Under the same water stress level, increasing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer could lead to the increase of nitrogen fertilizer use efficiencies.5. The regression model showed that:soil relative water content(W) had the biggest impact on the growth of Centennial Seedless. The W treatments had obvious positive effects on shoot grown, leaf area, next was Nitrogen application(N)and phosphorus application(P), There were significantly positive interaction effects of WXN on shoot grown, leaf area of Centennial Seedless. The decision model of shoot grown was established to obtain the optimized combination. We concluded that the recommended combination of W, N, P and K for growers was W=80%FC, N=40 g.plant-1, P2O5=4.06 g.plant-1, K2O=4.67 g.plant-1, At this point the new shoots up to 73.23 cm. From the decision model of leaf area, the recommended combination of W, N, P and K for growers was W=72%FC, N=23.8 g.plant-1, P2O5=10 g.plant-1, K2O=30 g.plant-1, At this point the leaf area up to 259.15 cm2.6. The W, N, K treatments had obvious positive effects on the yield of grape with the size sequence of W>N>K>P. There were significantly positive interaction effects of W×N, W×K on the yield of Centennial Seedless. And water and nitrogen excess would have diminishing returns effect on the yield. From the decision model of grape yield, the recommended combination of W, N, P and K for growers was W=71.28%FC, N=20 g.plant-1, P2O5=8.45 g.plant-1, K2O=30 g.plant-1, At this point the yield up to 5.41kg.plant-1.7. The P, K treatments had obvious positive effects on the soluble solids and W, N had negative effects with the size sequence of K>P>N>W. There were significantly positive interaction effects of WxN, WxP on the soluble solids of grape fruit. From the decision model of the soluble solids, the recommended combination of W, N, P and K for growers was W=60%FC, N=17.38 g.plant-1, P2O5=12.73 g.plant-1, K2O=56 g.plant-1, At this point the soluble solids up to 17.33%.8. The W, P treatments had obvious positive effects on the fruit acidity and K, N had negative effects with the size sequence of K>W>N>P. There was significantly positive interaction effects of WxK on the fruit acidity. So, appropriate to add N, K were beneficial to reduce the fruit acidity of grape berries, and fruit acid content was increased in high soil moisture content.9. The N, P, K,W treatments had obvious positive effects on the Vc content with the size sequence of P>K>N>W. There were significantly positive interaction effects of W×K,N×K on the Vc content of grape fruit. From the decision model of the Vc content, the recommended combination of W, N, P and K for growers was W=64.07%FC, N=21.51 g.plant-1, P2O5=20 g.plant-1, K2O=32.71 g·plant-1, At this point the Vc content up to 6.424mg.100g-1.更多还原