【作者】 王亮；

【导师】 张永根；

【作者基本信息】 东北农业大学 ， 动物营养与饲料科学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 本研究结合黑龙江垦区畜牧业发展现状和水稻秸秆资源优势,为解决奶牛饲料需求,缓解粮饲的矛盾,在黑龙江垦区开展高寒地区水稻秸秆青贮适宜性和对奶牛生产性能的影响研究。选用鲜稻秸为试验材料进行青贮,探索单株菌种和复合菌种对水稻秸青贮发酵品质的影响,以及研究水稻秸青贮对奶牛消化率及生产性能的影响,对水稻秸青贮在泌乳奶牛饲养过程中的合理应用提供理论支持和技术依据。研究的主要结果：(1)试验一：不同青贮方式和不同添加剂对水稻秸青贮发酵品质及营养价值的影响。通过不同青贮方式和添加不同青贮添加剂,分析对水稻秸青贮发酵品质及营养价值的影响。青贮方式试验设有拉伸膜裹包青贮、袋装青贮和方捆堆贮三种处理,添加剂处理有单株菌种、复合菌种和对照组。试验结果表明：拉伸膜裹包青贮、袋装青贮和方捆堆贮三种方式青贮的稻杆综合评分差异不显著；同一青贮方式的各处理间差异显著(P<0.05),添加复合乳酸菌的青贮稻杆综合评分在90.0-91.5,添加单一菌种的稻杆综合评分在87.0-87.5,而对照78.0-79.5。方捆青贮相对拉伸膜裹包青贮、袋装青贮而言,更便于机械化操作,适合垦区大规模生产实践,也更环保和节约成本,应予推广。(2)试验二：不同水稻青贮和全株玉米青贮饲料组合对奶牛生产性能的影响。通过水稻秸青贮在营养成分、粗饲料分级指数(GI)以及奶牛生产性能方面的比较研究,利用粗饲料分级指数对水稻秸青贮和全株玉米青贮的营养价值进行评价,并对评价的结果进行现场试验验证,研究饲喂水稻秸青贮对奶牛的产奶量及乳成分的影响。粗饲料分级指数对青贮料的营养价值评定得出,水稻青贮的GI值为0.53-0.66 Mcal/kg,玉米青贮的GI值为0.91 Mcal/kg,水稻秸青贮的营养价值可以替代玉米青贮营养价值的58%-72%。CK:CS 100%、A:CS 75%+RS 25%和B:CS50%+RS50%三种日粮为奶牛提供的营养水平之间差异不显著(P>0.05),NDF约383.44 g/kg,ADF平均244.75 g/kg,CP平均136.11g/kg。不同饲料处理饲喂奶牛的日采食量之间差异不显著,平均日采食量为17.6 kg/d；不同饲料处理奶牛的产乳量间差异不显著。不同饲料处理奶牛乳成分间差异不显著(P>0.05)。脂肪含量平均为39.37 g/kg,乳蛋白含量平均31.7 g/kg,乳糖含量平均46.1 g/kg,非脂乳固体含量平均124.7g/kg。(3)试验三：不同添加剂水稻秸秆青贮对瘤胃降解率和甲烷排放量的影响。选取体况良好的瘘管奶牛,采用尼龙袋法,添加单一菌种的水稻秸秆青贮、添加复合菌种的水稻秸秆青贮,同不添加乳酸菌的水稻秸秆青贮进行对比。结果显示,随着时间递增,不同添加剂处理稻秸在瘤胃内的干物质、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和粗蛋白的降解率呈逐渐增加的趋势,在6h-12h表现为快速增长,24 h-48 h增长速率减缓,48 h-72 h降解率趋于平稳。添加单一菌种、复合菌种的处理稻杆在瘤胃内降解率都高于对照处理(P<0.05)：6 h-24 h内复合菌种稻杆的瘤胃降解率高于单一菌种处理,而后期(48 h-72 h)低于单一菌种处理,差异不显著。瘤胃内环境的测定结果显示,不同处理稻杆瘤胃内pH值在6.3-6.7之间,氨态氮浓度在饲喂后3h时差异显著,以复合菌种稻杆>单一菌种稻杆>对照处理；不同处理间的挥发性脂肪酸浓度差异显著(P<0.05),复合菌种稻杆处理>单一菌种稻杆处理>对照处理；在9h时各处理间微生物蛋白含量差异显著(P<0.05),单一菌种稻杆>复合菌种稻杆>对照处理。不同稻杆处理测定牛每日甲烷排放量在164.50-261.47 L,其中维持水平下的甲烷排放量在192.43-261.47 L/d,生产水平下的甲烷排放量在177.68-197.56 L/d；甲烷排放量的测定结果显示,在维持水平下,各处理稻杆的牛日平均甲烷排放量顺序为：对照处理>单一菌种稻杆>复合菌种稻杆：在生产水平下,各处理稻杆的牛日平均甲烷排放量顺序为：对照处理<复合菌种稻杆<单一菌种稻杆。添加乳酸菌的青贮稻杆处理整体上甲烷排放量维持水平>生长水平(P<0.01)：对照处理稻杆甲烷排放量则生长水平<维持水平(P<0.01)。对照处理甲烷排放量维持水平比生产水平高51.12%,单一菌种处理稻杆平均排放量维持水平比生产水平高21.65%,复合菌种处理稻杆的牛日平均排放量维持水平比生产水平高9.90%,饲喂添加菌种的水稻秸秆青贮可以降低生产单位动物产品(增重、产奶等)的甲烷排放。更多还原

【Abstract】 This study combined with the current situation of animal husbandry of Heilongjiang reclamation area and rice straw resources advantage, to solvethe cows feed demand, ease the contradiction of grain feed, research andinfluence on production performance of dairy cows in alpine areas suitable forrice straw silage in Heilongjiang reclamation area. Selecting fresh rice strawsilage as test materials, explore the effect of individual species and compound bacteria on fermentation quality of rice straw silage, and study the effects of rice straw silage on dairy digestibility and production performance, to provide theoretical support and technical basis in lactating dairy cattle feedingreasonable application in the process of rice straw silage. The main results of the study:(1) To study the different ways and different additives on silage fermentation quality and nutrition value of rice straw silage. Through different levels of silage and silage additive manner and interaction, analysis of the effect on thefermentation quality and nutrition value of rice straw silage. Ensiling way testwith Baled Silage, silage and a square bale storage bag three processing, additives have individual strain, compound bacteria and control group. Comprehensive evaluation results showed that rice straw, comprehensivescore between Baled Silage, silage and silage bags square bale stack storagethree ways is not significant; the difference of each processing the same silagemode is significant (P<0.05), adding compound lactic acid bacteria silage rice straw comprehensive score in 90.0-91.5, add single strain of rice strawcomprehensive score in 87.0-87.5, while in the control of 78.0-79.5.Nutritional quality analysis of different silage processing of rice stem dry matter content in 27.34%-31.75%; neutral detergent fiber content of dry matter accounted for 59.12%-61.66%. Acid detergent fiber accounted for 37.51%-42.05%dry matter content, crude protein content of dry matter accounted for 4.07%-5.60%. Silage rice straw stem soluble carbohydrate in different treatment substance content in 1.25%-2.21%, dry matter loss in the 4.14%-17.45%.(2) Of rice straw silage in nutrition, forage grading index (GI) and comparative study on production performance of dairy, were evaluated using the forage grading index of the nutritional value of rice straw silage and whole plant com silage, and the evaluation results of field experiments, effects of feeding rice straw silage production milk yield and milk composition of dairy cow. Forage grading index for evaluation of nutritive value of silage that rice silage, the value of GI is 0.53-0.66 Mcal/kg, corn silage GI value is 0.91 Mcal/kg, the nutritional value of rice straw silage can replace the nutritional value of cornsilage 58%-72%.There was no significant difference between the nutritional level of CK:CS 100%, A:CS 75%+ RS 25% and B: CS 50%+ RS 50% three kinds of diets for dairy cows to provide (P>0.05),NDF is about 383.44 g/kg, ADF 244.75 g/kg on average, the average CP of 136.11g/kg. Different feed processing offeeding dairy cows did not show significant difference between daily feedintake, average daily feed intake was 17.6 kg/d; different feed processing of milk production of dairy cows had no significant difference in milk yield.Feed processing differences between different components of milk was not significant (P>0.05) The average fat content was 39.37 g/kg, milk protein content in an average of 31.7 g/kg,46.1 g/kg on average milk lactose content,solids non fat content averaged 124.7g/kg.(3) Study of the different rice straw degradation in rumen and methane emissions additives, selection of good body condition fistulated cows, the nylon bag method, add a single strain of rice straw silage, adding composite strain of rice straw silage, compares it with rice straw silage without adding lactic acid bacteria. Results show that, with the time increasing, different additives of rice straw in the rumen degradation of acid detergent fiber of dry matter and crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, the rate is gradually increasing, in the 6 h-12h showed rapid growth,24 h-48 h growth rate,48 h-72 h degradation ratetends to be stable. Add a single strain, processing rice composite bacteria rod in the rumen degradability were higher than the control treatment P< 0.05);rumen degradability of 6 h-24 h in rice stem composite strain rates higher than the single strain processing, and the later stage (48 h-72 h) than single straintreatments, no significant difference.The results of determination of rumen environment showed differentprocessing, rice straw in the rumen pH value in 6.3-6.7, ammonia nitrogen concentration differences in feeding after 3H significantly, with composite strainrice straw>single species rice straw>CK; volatile fatty acid concentr ationdifferences among the different treatments was significantly (P<0.05), composite strain rice straw treatment than single strain straw processing>CK;a significant difference in 9h between each treatment of microbial protein content (P<0.05), single species rice straw>composite strain rice straw> ck..Different rice straw treatment for determination of cattle daily methane emissions in 164.50-261.47 L, the methane emissions to maintain the level ofunder 192.43-261.47 L/d, the level of production of methane emissions in 177.68-197.56 L/d; the results of determination of methane emissions show,at the maintenance level, the processing of rice stem of cattle daily averagemethane emissions order:treatment than single strain rice straw> composite strain rice rod control; in the production level, the processing of rice stem of cattle daily average methane emissions order:control processing< composite strain rice bar< single species rice straw. Silage rice adding lactic acid bacteria.更多还原