【作者】 李潇；

【导师】 刘秋根；

【作者基本信息】 河北大学 ， 中国古代史， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 明代中后期,商品经济迅速发展,商业市场的规模无论是从广度还是深度均较前代有了大幅度的提高,宏观上体现在农业、手工业产品的商品化生产、长途贩运规模的扩大、市场网络的形成与发展,微观上体现在商人从业数量的增加以及相关人群的群体数量的增长。明代涌现出大量的世情小说及公案小说,这些小说多选取明代市井生活为素材,描绘了大量反映明代社会生活的场景。同时,商人阶层的活跃使得大量的以商贾作为对象的商业小说应运而生,形象而直接地描述了许多商业贸易的细节性问题,为传统史料所未及,其具有高度的艺术真实性。在明代商业活动中,商人作为行为主体。明代小说中塑造了大量的商人形象,包括行商、坐商及小商贩,形象塑造的过程中还展现了他们的经营方式、资本水平和资本筹集方式。明代商人经营方式主要采取了自营、委托经营和合伙三种方式,其中自营仍然占据主要地位。明代商人的筹资方式代表了明代社会财富向商业领域的流动,主要体现在自筹资本、借贷典当、合伙融资、委托资本以及侵占他人财产等方面,其中自筹资本仍然成为明代商人的主要筹资方式,将田地典当获取资本及借贷资本也成为明代商人经商的一个重要资本来源。明代商人的资本水平呈现出大资本商人数量少、中小资本商人数量多,而小商贩广泛地分布于商业社会下层的金字塔结构。对商业资本筹集方式和资本水平的考察可以揭示出明代商业资本的广度和深度。明代牙人在商业活动中有着不可或缺的重要作用,他们的存在既体现出了明代商业发展的需要,同时也是国家商业管理政策的意志体现。国家通过法规来规范牙人的行为,也就是承认了牙人在商业活动中的地位。在明中后期,受到商业发展的影响,私牙群体数量扩大,一方面国家以牙人进行商业管理的体制受到了冲击,另一方面也加剧了牙人之间的竞争,为了应对这些影响,牙行除了提供各类优质服务来迎合商人,同时还出现了不少牙行为了防止客户流失而侵占商人银货等情况。这样的现象引起了明末清初商业交易流程的一系列变化。明代牙人与商人之间的博弈带来的影响:一方面,牙人对商人的积极配合引起了牙行在经营、结算等诸多方面的变化,使得牙行经营更加程序化;另一方面,由于牙人对商人的束缚与侵害成为商人寻求绕过牙人直接完成产供销流程的内动力,而牙行为了应对这一状况开始投入资本囤积货物。这两种趋势成为清代牙行发展的两种形态。更多还原

【Abstract】 In mid and late Ming dynasty, the rapid development of commodity economy, the scale of the commercial market are both from the breadth and depth has improved greatly compared with the previous generation, macro reflects the commercial production of agriculture, handicraft industry, the scale enlargement of long-distance traffic, the formation and development of market network, microcosmic upper now businessman from an increase in the number of population growth and the related people.This article selects businessmen related content in the novels of Ming dynasty, the Ming dynasty in the mode of operation of the hong merchants, shopkeeper and vendor, capital levels and capital raising mode was investigated. Business mode of operation in Ming dynasty mainly adopted the self-management, authority management and partnership three ways, including proprietary still occupied the main position. Businessman ways of financing in Ming dynasty on behalf of the Ming dynasty social wealth to flow in the field of business, mainly reflected in the self-raised capital, borrowing pawn, financing, entrust the capital partnership and usurping property, etc., the self-raised capital remained a major financing way for businessmen of Ming dynasty, fields pawn access to capital and debt capital will also become a businessman doing business in Ming dynasty is an important source of capital. Merchant capital levels present a big capital merchants of small, small and medium-sized capital number, and vendors are widely distributed in the commercial society lower pyramid structure. On the investigation to the commercial way to raise capital and capital levels can reveal the breadth and depth of the commercial capital of the Ming dynasty.The article also on the novel of the Ming dynasty in the agent to do an in-depth investigation, respectively, the function of the management of the Ming government policy, the agent, the Ming dynasty unofficial agent, agent engaged in business and merchants and agent relationship between several aspects to discuss. First affirmed the agent’s indispensable important role in business activities in the Ming dynasty, with the analysis of agent behavior, aims to reveal the effects of the game between brokers and dealers in Ming dynasty: on the one hand, caused to the merchant’s actively cooperate with the broker organization change in many aspects, such as management, settlement, makes the agent organization management more stylized;, on the other hand, due to the agent of the merchant and the shackles violations become businessmen seeking to bypass the agent directly to complete the supply process in the power, and agent organization to cope with the situation began to invested capital to hoard goods. The two trends become agent organization development in the qing dynasty two forms.In the Ming dynasty novel about the hong merchants, shopkeeper, vendors, agents a variety of group activities such as the record to show the above phenomenon, analyzing the results of their behavior to provide the detailed information, make up for the traditional historical record the defects of relatively insufficient in these aspect, the business has an important significance on the study of history of Ming dynasty.更多还原