【作者】 马建昌；

【导师】 王建新；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 考古学， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 “大遗址”概念的出现,以及大遗址保护利用项目的实施,是我国文化遗产事业实现跨越式发展的重要标志。中国城市区域大遗址的管理和运营,更是远远超出了传统意义上文化遗产管理运营工作的范畴,已经演变为涉及众多职能部门、众多学科领域并且与社会各界息息相关的公共性事务和实践性课题。近年来,国际社会以及国内外专家学者在城市区域大遗址管理运营的理论研究方面,做出了不懈努力。联合国教科文组织和世界古迹遗址理事会等国际组织制定的有关宪章,本身就是对发达国家遗址保护经验的理论总结,而这些国际性文件又对全世界的遗址保护起到了示范和规范作用。国内外学者就遗址区管理运营涉及的制度、立法、土地、区域经济、公众参与等问题进行了研究探讨,并取得了可喜的成就。但在多学科成果借鉴、运营持续性问题研究等方面,明显不足。由于大遗址管理运营工作的复杂性、系统性,所以,对于中国城市区域大遗址管理运营问题的研究,本文借鉴运用了多方面的理论成果。公共治理理论将为公民通过合法的志愿服务组织参与大遗址的保护、管理和运营提供理论前提。区域经济发展理论中的平衡发展理论、不平衡发展理论、增长极理论、累积因果理论、中心——外围理论、后发优势理论和产业结构理论等,都与遗址区的管理运营有着密切的关系。如果考虑到遗址保护的制度因素,遗址的外部影响分析、遗址的公共物品和公共资源性质研究、遗址资源的自然垄断特性分析、遗址资源管理的委托——代理问题的分析,也会对遗址保护、管理运营提供不同的理论阐释角度。此外,博弈论和城市化相关理论也是研究遗址管理运营问题的理论支撑。实证分析是城市区域大遗址管理运营研究的主要手段。本文以浙江良渚遗址、无锡鸿山遗址、圆明园遗址、成都金沙遗址、隋唐洛阳城遗址、唐大明宫遗址及汉长安城遗址等为例,分析了中国城市区域大遗址管理运营的基本情况、经验及存在的不足。本文还用大量第一手的真实资料,对大明宫遗址区的管理和运营进行了实证分析。“他山之石,可以攻玉”,由于经济基础雄厚、扶持政策到位、民众素质较高、社会管理有序、法律体系完备、志愿服务组织健全等诸多原因,发达国家在遗址区管理与运营方面为中国提供了宝贵的经验。在分析了国内外城市区域大遗址管理运营经验教训的基础上,在突出文化遗产“保护第一”价值理念和管理运营可持续性的前提下,本文指出了中国城市区域大遗址管理运营必须坚持的十点认识,就其管理运营的理想模式进行了实践性研究,并着重强调,大遗址的管理要在坚持“权力下放、权力集中”的原则下,赋予遗址管理机构较为完整的权限,并减少不必要的掣肘；大遗址的运营要在坚持“内部收紧、外部放开”方针、“营利”与“非营利”原则有机结合的基础上,充分调动各方积极性,实现既保护好遗址,又实现持续运营的目的。以上述理想的管理运营模式研究成果为指导,本文还以周丰镐遗址、秦阿房宫遗址、汉长安城遗址及唐大明宫遗址的保护、管理和运营为例,提出了成立大遗址特区管理委员会的设想,并就有关大遗址保护、管理与运营的诸多事项进行了明确说明。城市区域大遗址的管理运营是一个动态的发展过程,没有永恒不变或“放之四海皆准”的模式。它在某种程度上取决于不同社会发展阶段人们对大遗址的认识和态度、文化传统与传统文化关系的讨论结果、社会主义初级阶段的土地产权界定等。更多还原

【Abstract】 The appearance of the term Great Heritage Site and the practice of great heritage site preservation and utilization mark the leap frog development of China’s cultural heritage site preservation. The management and operation of the great heritage sites in China’s urban areas have become a public social affair involving several functional bureaus, a practical topic of multi-discipline and close related to all circles of society.In recent years, international societies, as well as experts and scholars from both home and abroad have contributed proactively in theoretical research. Related charters issued by international organizations like the UNESCO and ICOMOS are themselves theoretical summery of heritage sites preservation in developed countries. These international documents also function as models and regulations for heritage site preservation of the whole world. Studies on heritage site area by scholars from both home and abroad have studied and made valuable achievements on topics as regulations on the development and utilization of heritage site area, law-making, land, regional economy, social participation, and so on. However, there is obvious insufficiency in the aspects including the reference of multi-disciplinary theoretical achievements, research on operational sustainability, and so on.Due to the complexity and systematicness of the operation and management of great heritage sites, studies on the management and operation of China’s urban great heritage sites makes references of and applies with theoretic achievement of different fields. Public management theory will become the theoretical support for citizen’s participation in form of voluntary service in the preservation, management and operation in great heritage sites. The management and operation of heritage site area are closed related to the balanced development theory, imbalanced development theory, growth pole theory, cumulative causation model, center-periphery theory, theory of development advantage and theory of industrial structure and so on, which all belong to the regional economic development theory. When the aspect of regulation on heritage site preservation is considered, more theoretical interpretation angles will be provided with by the analysis of the external influence on the heritage site, studies on the characteristics of public goods and public resource of heritage sites, analysis of the natural monopoly characteristics of heritage site resources, analysis of the principle-agent issue. In addition, game theory and urbanization-related theories are also supporting theories of the studies on the management and operation of heritage sites.Empirical analysis is one of the main methods of the studies on urban great heritage site management and operation.taking Liangchu Heritage Site in Zhengjiang, Hongshan Heritage Site in Wuxi, Yuanmingyuan Heritage Site, Jinsha Heritage Site in Chengdu, Heritage Site of Luoyang City of Sui and Tang Dynasties, Tang Darning Palace Heritage Site and Heritage Site of Han Chang’an City as examples, the article analyzes the basic conditions and weaknesses of the management and operation of China’s urban great heritage sites. With rich first-hand genuine data, the article made empirical analysis of the management and operation of Darning Palace heritage site area. As a Chinese saying goes, Stones from other hills may serve to polish the jade of this one. With strong economic foundation, proper supporting policies, higher quality of the people, orderly social management, complete law system and fully developed voluntary service organizations and so on, the practice of management and operation of great heritage site in developed western countries provides China with rich experiences.On the basis of the analyses of experiences and lessons of urban heritage site management and operation both home and abroad, this article summaries ten principles that must adhere to, while carrying out practical research on the ideal model of China’s urban great heritage sites management and operation. The article also highlights the following two viewpoints. Firstly, in the process of great heritage site management, the heritage site management agency should be granted relatively full power with the reduction of unnecessary impediment under the principles of delegation power to the lower levels, centralization of power. Secondly, in the operational process, the enthusiasm of all parties should be mobilized under the guidelines of internal tightening, external liberalization, and on the basis of the integration of the principles of profitable and unprofitable, so that the goal of sustainable operation while properly preserving heritage sites could be achieved. Guided with above research achievements of ideal management and operation modes, and taking Zhou Fenghao Heritage Site, Qin Erpang Heritage Site, Han Chang’an Heritage Site and Tang Daming Palace Heritage Site as examples, the article proposes the assumption of setting up a special great heritage site region administrative committee. The article also makes specific interpretation for the several important issues concerning the preservation, management and operation of heritage sites.Since the management and operation of urban heritage sites is a dynamic developing process, there is no invariable or universally applicable model. To some extent, it depends on people’s understanding and attitude of great heritage site in different stages of social development, the result of discussion on the relationship between cultural tradition and traditional culture, definition of heritage site property rights at the primary stage of socialism and so on.更多还原