【作者】 刘杰；

【导师】 李晓岑；

【作者基本信息】 北京科技大学 ， 科学技术史， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 汉传佛教是中国佛教的最要分支,汉传佛教铜造像是综合佛教艺术审美与高超金属加工技艺的优秀作品,是中国文化遗产中的精品。汉传佛教铜造像最早出现于东汉时期,但真正礼拜意义的佛像,发现于后赵建武四年。本文采用文献法和实地调查法相结合,对中国山东博物馆、山东博兴博物馆、陕西临潼博物馆、西安博物院、河南博物院、重庆三峡博物馆、江苏苏州博物馆和云南大理州博物馆等馆藏的部分佛教铜造像进行实地考察并进行便携式X荧光检测,发现大部分佛像均为铜锡铅三元合金铸造而成。大型与小型铜造像的制作方法不同,大型佛像基体使用范铸法成型,头与手等注意细节部分可能使用失蜡法；小型佛像常使用失蜡法和范铸法成型。连接技术使用榫卯套接或铸接技术。表面修饰常常使用鎏金工艺和镶嵌工艺。汉传佛教造像的风格上也随着时代的变化而变化。汉传佛教铜造像出现开始,就不断以印度和西域佛像为蓝本进行模仿制作。南北朝时期,工匠不断创造符合中国人审美观的造像,中国大地上流行秀骨清相式的造像风格.盛唐时期,飘逸洒脱灵动的佛像造像成为时代的主体；唐末时期,造像陷入柔媚纤立或萎靡无力的状态。宋代以后,汉传佛教与儒家和道教融合,造像不断民间化和世俗化。元代藏传佛教崛起以后,汉传佛教不断式微,明清时期开始接受藏传佛教造像的工艺,出现汉藏融合式佛教造像。佛教的风格变化与造像制作工艺的角度,汉传佛教与藏传佛教和南传上座部佛教有很大的区别,同时三者之间也有着密切的联系。更多还原

【Abstract】 As a branch of Chinese Buddhism, Bronze Buddhist sculpture in Chinese Classic Buddhism is the great works combining the aesthetic of religious art and the technology of metal processing, is the quality of Chinese cultural heritage. Chinese classic Buddhism bronze statue first appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty, but the real meaning of worship Buddha, found in the late Zhao Jianwu four years.In this study, combined literature and field investigations method, were investigated Buddhist bronze statues on the spot and portable X fluorescence detection, found most of statues casted by copper tin lead alloy. Buddhist bronze statues are from Shandong Museum, Boxing Museum, Xian Museum, Lintong Museum, Henan Museum, Suzhou Museum, Dali Museum, Chongqi Three Gorges Museum. Different methods of making large and small bronze Buddhha sculpture, large statues substrate were using piece-mold casting, head and hands might be using the lost wax method; small figure of Buddha often used the lost wax method and piece-mold casting. Mortise and tenon sleeve or casting technique was used. Gilding and embedded technology were often used for surface modificatioaChinese classic Buddhism statues style changed with the times. Chinese classic Buddhism bronze statues from the start, imitated making based on India and the western regions Buddha sculpture. The Northern and Southern Dynasties, craftsmen created statues consistent with Chinese aesthetic view,"xiu gu qing xiang" style was very popular. During the Tang Dynasty, elegant and easy living Buddha statue has become the theme of the times; At the end of the Tang period, statues were in soft fiber or limp state. After the Song Dynasty, Buddhism and Confucianism and Taoism constantly fusion, statuary style was popularization and secularization. The rise of Tibetan Buddhism, Chinese classic Buddhism declined, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, began to accept process of Tibetan Buddhist statues, Sino-tibetan integration style of statues.The style changes and the production process of the Buddhist statues of point of view, Chinese classic Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism and Theravada Buddhism, there is a big difference between the three, but also have close cormection.更多还原