关中平原土壤耕作层形成过程研究

【作者】 杜娟；

【导师】 侯甬坚；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 历史地理学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 我国人为土的研究兴起于20世纪60年代,现行的人为土分类主要为旱耕人为土与水耕人为土两类,都是在长期农业生产活动影响下产生的土壤类型。目前人为土研究已有的成果多集中于土壤学视角下的对现有耕地的研究,而对历史时期诸如耕作、堆积、施肥、灌溉等农业活动对人为土的影响以及在这些措施下土壤发生的具体变化尚缺乏深入的研究。关中平原的(?)土是具有明显区域特征的人为土类型,它区别于自然土壤的根本属性在于其具有人类活动影响下的深厚的土壤耕作层。本文以关中平原土壤耕作层为研究对象,以历史时期农业生产活动为线索,采用文献记录提取与土壤剖面分析相结合的方法,探讨了关中平原土壤命名与分类、土壤结构、质地、水分、肥力等的历史演变过程以及耕作、施肥、灌溉活动对土壤耕作层形成的影响,并进行了区域内的对比分析。土壤的认知过程时刻相伴于农业生产活动,并在土壤利用与改良过程中相互推进。关中平原历史上的土壤命名与分类表现出明显的历史阶段性,主要分为以下四个阶段：先秦时期以土壤外观特征及质地结构为标准的土壤分类,秦汉至明清时期立足于生产特性为目的土壤描述,近代以土壤生产性状及土壤发生学分类法相结合的土壤分类,以及新中国时期农业土壤、耕作土壤、人为土等土壤概念的产生及系统分类法的应用。关中平原(?)土具有上部人为堆垫熟化层与下部自然土层叠加的剖面结构。上部人为堆垫熟化层是自然作用下新近堆积的粉尘与农业施加土粪致使土壤耕作层逐年叠加增厚的结果。堆垫熟化层可分为现代耕作层、古熟化层、古耕层、古耕腐殖质层等多层结构。关中平原不同历史阶段的不同区域,耕作土层的性状也有所差异,产生以黄土、垆土、(?)土等不同土类为主的土壤耕作层。历史上以生产工具、治田方式、耕作技术、作物种类选择为主的耕作活动是改良土壤环境,创造土壤耕作层优良结构的主要作用力。随着农业历史的演进,耕作活动对土壤耕作层扰动的频率和强度呈逐渐增强的趋势,以致越接近于近代,土壤的熟化程度越高,土壤耕作层人为化特征越明显。土粪施加是关中平原土壤耕作层堆垫增厚的关键环节,在关中古代的土壤培肥过程中,休耕、草肥、蚕屎、人畜粪尿、旧墙土、绿肥种植是主要方式。汉至明代,农业生产中都实行以土拌粪的施肥过程,但表现出较强的种植方式与作物选择的倾向性,在区田法以及蔬菜瓜果类经济作物的种植中才有施加土粪的记录。清至民国时期,复种指数的显著提高对地力要求更高,积制与施加土粪的过程明显增强,这也是关中(?)土上部覆盖层快速堆垫的时期。在人为堆垫过程的同时总是伴随着自然粉尘的堆积作用,但随着农业发展水平及土地生产力需求的提高,土粪在土壤耕作层成土化物质组成中的比例也会提高。关中平原水利灌溉的功效除补给水分以外,更为重要的作用在于灌溉携带的河流泥沙参与到土壤耕作层的形成与熟化过程中,促进了盐碱土、沼泽土、潮土等的改良与土壤灌淤层的形成,这在关中东部平原区表现十分明显。淤积造田、放淤压盐、引水洗盐是灌淤改良土壤的主要方式,不同水利灌区的土壤性质是决定灌淤效果的关键因素。泾水至石川水之间,盐碱土分布面积小,盐渍化程度低是灌淤成效显著的基本保障,也是引泾灌区灌溉活动得以持续发展的有利条件。在石川水至洛水之间,无论郑国渠东段,还是龙首渠都未能持续利用,说明历史时期灌淤对土壤的改良作用受地形、地貌、土壤等自然因素与灌排技术水平的极大限制。关中平原泾、渭、洛河都属于多泥沙河流,灌淤土的形成及灌淤层厚度和灌溉活动的持续性呈正相关关系,在灌溉持续时间最长的引泾灌区,也是关中平原灌淤土分布面积广,灌淤层厚度大的区域。关中平原灌淤土形成的另一个重要特征是以耕、耙、耱等耕作技术及施加土粪为标志的堆垫熟化作用参与了成土化过程,耕作层的形成是灌溉淤积与人为堆垫共同作用的结果。关中西部的油土,东部的(?)土以及渭河以南的立槎土、水稻土是区域内主要的人为土类型。气候、地形、母质是造成土壤成土化过程差异的主要因素,同时也是制约和影响人类农业生产方式的主要因素。相比较而言,关中西部油土的熟化程度更高,主要由于关中西部较好的水热条件及悠久的耕作历史,以及粉尘沉降与施加土粪构成了以黄土类物质为主的单一成土母质,而东部较为干旱的气候及以河流泥沙沉积为主的物质来源的不断补充导致东部地区(?)土的成土化作用较弱,熟化程度较低。黄土台塬上的红油土、红(?)土的熟化程度不及阶地平原上的黑油土、灰(?)土,这与阶地平原上地形优势引起的人口密度高、灌溉条件好、作物种类多样化及肥粪运输便利等农业生产条件的优越性有密切关系。更多还原

【Abstract】 Research on anthrosols in China emerged in the1960s, the anthrosols are mainly divided into the orthic anthrosols and stagnic anthrosols, and the two types of anthrosols are resulted by long-term agricultural production activities. More research focused on the existing arcble land based on soil science perspective, but the research on the relationship between the formation of anthrosols and agricultural activities such as farming, accumulation, fertilization, irrigation and so on in historical period, and the specific changes of soil under the influence of these activities is lacking. The Loutu soil in Guanzhong plain is typical anthrosols has obvious regional characteristics, the deep plough layer resulted by the influence of human activities is main different from natural soil. Through historical literature analysis and soil profile survey, the historical evolution process of soil naming and classification in Guanzhong area, soil structure, soil texture, soil moisture and so on, and the influence of cultivation, fertilization, irrigation activities on the formation of soil plough layer, and regional difference of Guanzhong soil plough layer were studied in this paper.The cognitive process of soil followed by agricultural production activities, and was promoted each other in the process of soil utilization and improvement. Naming and classification of soil of Guanzhong plain in the history has obvious historical stages, and are mainly divided into the following four stages:the soil classification in accordance to appearance characteristics and texture of soil in the early Qin period, the soil description based on soil production features from Qin and Han dynasties to Ming and Qing dynasties, the soil classification combined with soil production properties and soil genetic classification in modern times, as well as the soil taxonomy application and the emergence of soil name such as agricultural soil, tillage soil and anthrosols in the period of the People’s Republic of China.The Loutu soil in Guanzhong areas has the profile structure composed of upper artificial heaped slaking layer and lower natural soil layer. The upper artificial heaped slaking layer is resulted by the action of natural newly accumulation of dust and applying mixture of soil and manure in human agriculture activities. Heaped slaking layer can be divided into multilayer structure of modern plough layer, ancient slaking layer, and ancient plough layer. In Guanzhong plain, the loess, the Lutu soil, the Loutu soil were cultivated soils in different areas and the different historical periods. The main impetus improving soil environment, creating the fine structure of soil plough layer come from historical farming activities such as the use of production tools, management way of field, farming technique, crop type selection, etc. With agricultural advancements, the frequency and intensity of the disturbance to soil plough layer gradually is increasing, and is more close to the upper soil layer, soil ripening degree is higher and artificial features is more obvious.The application of mixture of soil and manure in Guanzhong plain is a key link in the process of soil plough layer. During the process of improvement of soil fertility in Guanzhong area in the ancient, fallow, grass fertilizer, silkworm excrement, human and animal feces, old wall soil,green manure planting were the main ways. From Han to Ming dynasty, the fertilization way of mixing soil and manure was always there in agricultural production process, but showed a greater inclination of planting way and the choice of crops. The applying of mixture of soil and manure only in the planting use Qutian method and the planting of economic crops such as fruits and vegetables. From Qing dynasty to the Republic of China, the significantly improvement of multiple cropping index need boosting soil fertility, the process of fertilizer collection and application obviously enhanced, so that soil cumulic epipedon fastly was forming in this period. At the same time of artificial pile, dust has been dropping, but with the development of agricultural level and the improvement of land productivity, the mixture of soil and manure to form the parent material of soil plough layer were gaining a higher proportion.In Guanzhong plain, the greater impact of water conservancy in addition to water supplies is that river sediment from irrigation was involved in the formation of soil plough layer and ripening process, and it promoted the improvement of saline soil, swamp soil, wet soil and the formation of soil irrigation deposition layer, the performance is very obvious in eastern Guanzhong plain. Creating plough layer through deposition, pressuring salt and washing through irrigation were the main ways of soil improvement, soil properties of different irrigation area is the key factors decided to deposition effect. In between the Jinghe river and the Shichuanhe river, the small distribution area of saline soil and the low degree of salinization were basic guarantee of significant effect from irrigation deposition, is also advantageous for the sustained development of irrigated activities in the Jinghe irrigation area. In between the Shichuanhe river and the Luohe river, the east section of zhengguo canal and Longshou canal are failed to sustainable use, it showed that the effect of soil improvement affected by the natural factors such as topography, geomorphology, soil and irrigation and drainage technology was greatly restricted in historical period. The Jinghe river, Weihe river, and Luohe river in Guanzhong plain is silt-carrying river. The formation of irrigation-silted soil and filling and silting thickness were positively correlated with the sustainability of irrigation activities. The distribution area of irrigation-silted soil is wider and filled silt layer thickness is larger in the Jinghe river irrigation area that has long irrigation history. The another important feature of irrigation-silting soil formation in Guanzhong plain is that using farming technologies marked by plow, harrow and applying mixture of soil and manure participated in the soil formation, the irrigation sedimentation and heaped process are main affecting factors to the formation of soil plough layer.The Youtu soil in western Guanzhong, the Loutu soil in eastern Guanzhong, the Lichatu soil and paddy soil in the south of the Weihe river are major artificial soil types. Climate, topography, parent material are the main factors of the formation of soil, and is also the main factors restricting and influencing the way of agricultural production. In comparison, the greater ripening degree of Youtu soil in western Guanzhong is mainly due to the better hydrothermal conditions and long history of cultivation, and uniform loess parent material composed of dust sedimentation and mixture of soil and manure, and the lower ripening degree of Loutu soil in eastern Guanzhong is mainly due to drier climate and soil parent material constantly added river sediment. The ripening degree of the red Youtu soil and the red Loutul soil on loess platform is lower than the black Youtu soil and black Loutu soil; which is mainly related to the superior production conditions such as higher population density, better irrigation, crop diversity and manure transport convenience terrain on the terrace plain.更多还原