【作者】 刘博；

【导师】 肖长来；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 地下水科学与工程， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 随着社会经济的发展，人口数量的剧增，饮用水污染已从地表水逐步进入地下水中。以往地下水以稳定的水量，优质的水质经常作为我国大部分北方地区或干旱半干旱地区首选的水源地。但近年来，随着工业化进程的加快，农业活动的频繁，污染控制工程的滞后，造成许多地区地下水水源地水量严重减少，污染物出现多样化和复杂化的特点。因此，如何保证地下水水源地安全已经成为维护当今社会经济发展和保证人民群众身体健康的关键所在。论文对城镇地下水水源地安全评价方法及应用进行了深入地研究，取得了以下研究成果；1.通过对国内外地下水水源地安全现状的整理和分析，参考国内外有关文献，结合现今有关地下水水源地安全的定义，总结并提出了更为全面和完整的地下水水源地安全的内涵：指地下水水源地在来自自然和社会的双重压力下，在保证可持续供给的基础上，具有充足的水量、安全的水质、较弱的地下水脆弱性、良好的抗风险及应急能力，满足周边生态环境的要求，且在运行前后不会引起环境地质问题，同时能够最大限度的满足人们安全用水的需要。2.首次基于改进的DPSIR框架建立了适用于我国城镇地下水水源地安全评价体系。通过个体检验和整体检验，创建了一个包含驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应-风险6个准则层，13个要素层，43项指标的涉及水量、水质、脆弱性、生态环境、社会经济与管理和环境地质等多个方面的评价体系。3.第一次较为完整地整理出地下水水源地安全评价体系中各指标的定义，评价标准和计算方法，并将其安全等级划分为理想安全、安全、临界状态、不安全、极不安全5个等级。4.创新地将模糊层次分析法与群决策理论相结合，共同确定了适用于我国城镇地下水水源地安全评价体系权重集合。5.以巴彦县新建三水厂地下水水源地为例，在对巴彦县地下水水源地建设方案研究的同时，验证了该评价体系的适用性。(1)对研究区地下水环境质量进行评价，主要包括地下水质量评价和水质健康评价，其中地下水质量评价采用了传统的内梅罗法和基于层次分析法改进的灰色关联法进行评价，同时还利用基于免疫进化算法优化的地下水水质普适公式对结果进行验证，3种方法计算结果均为Ⅳ类水。水质健康评价结果为1.536×10-7，处于理想安全状态。(2)通过资料收集，野外调查与试验等手段，采用数值法与解析法相结合的方式，先后查明了研究区含水层的分布与结构，获得了含水层的水文地质参数。研究区含水层底板分布：区内底板整体趋势从东向西缓倾，东北部和南部分水岭处底板埋藏较浅，在少陵河漫滩处最深，并且在漫滩处出现双层含水层结构，先后沉积了Q2和Q4两组粘土、砂砾石层，可分别视为与少陵河联系紧密的孔隙潜水和埋藏较深的孔隙承压含水层。通过对含水层顶底板以及地下水等水位线图的分析，首次在研究区南部发现存在一个地下水分水岭。(3)对研究区地下水资源量和开采量进行计算，1960~2012年全区多年平均地下水总补给量为2630.82×104m3/a，地下水资源量为2492.95×104m3/a。研究区地下水可开采量为5.30×104m3/d。(4)通过数值法对研究区地下水流场进行模拟，预报年为2023年，即水厂建设完成后10年，本文采用了4种方案进行预报，结果表明：即使在研究区遭受连续10个枯水年(75%)的降水条件下，二、三水厂漏斗中心处降深为6.40m和10.20m，仍小于含水层厚度的50%，其他区域地下水位整体出现了下降趋势，但下降幅度不大。(5)通过对研究区地下水水量、水质研究可知：新建三水厂水源地的开采方案切实可行，在不影响当地地下水资源环境的前提下，能够满足巴彦县城镇新增3×104m3/d的供水需求。(6)研究区地下水水源地安全评价分为2个时期，即水源地开采方案改变前后：地下水水源地安全度分别为2.591和2.264，分别处于临界状态和安全状态，其中，状态系统的水量安全度为3.365和3.170，处于临界安全状态，水质安全度均为2.620，处于临界安全状态。从现状年到预测年，变化最大的是响应系统即污染控制工程指标，其值下降了1.158，从临界状态改善为安全状态；变化最小的是压力系统，仅下降了0.125，仍然在安全状态。从评价过程和结果来看，本文所建立的评价体系具有较高的实用性，在反映水源地安全的总体情况的基础上，还能掌握每一项指标，每一个系统和状态的安全状态。同时评价结论对于巴彦县水源地运行及管理也具有一定的借鉴和指导意义。综上，本文的创新点在于：一、首次建立了适用于我国城镇的地下水水源地安全评价体系，并辅以相应的评价标准和计算方法；二、第一次联合模糊层次分析法与群决策理论，共同计算权重；三、利用小波理论与SOM-RBF神经网络相结合，预测研究区降水量。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the development of social economy and a surge in population, waterpollution has gradually transfered from the surface water into the groundwater.Previously, groundwater was used to be the best water resource in most of NorthChina or arid and semi-arid regions to stabilize the amount of water owning the highquality and ample quantity. But in recent years, with the speeding up ofindustrialization, the frequent agricultural activity and the lag of pollution controlproject, today’s groundwater pollutants have been diversified and complicated, and thegroundwatger resources have reduced seriously. Therefore, how to ensuregroundwater resource safety has become to the crux that maintain today’s social andeconomic development and ensure people’s health.The paper, using modern scientific idea and advanced technology,carred out anin-depth research on evaluation indices system for groundwater drinking sourcesecurity, and it has achieved ideal results as follows;1. Through the collection and analysis of groundwater drinking source securitysituation, refer to the relevant references home and abroad, combined with the currentdefinition of groundwater drinking source security, a more comprehensive andcomplete connotation of the groundwater source security was summarized: Underpressure from both nature and society, groundwater source must own adequate wateryield on the basis of sustainable supply capacity, safe water quality, stronggroundwater vulnerability, well capability of anti-risk and emergency and meet therequirements of the surrounding ecological environment. Meanwhile, before and afterthe operation, it will not cause environmental geological problems and maximize meetthe needs of safe drinking for society.2. For the first time, an improved DPSIR framework was established for thegroundwater drinking source security evaluation indices system at the town level.Then through the individual and whole test, the43indicators of evaluation systemwas established, which contains Driving fouces-Pressure-State-Impact-Response-Risk6criterion layers,13elements layers, including water quantity, water quality, vulnerability, ecological environment, social economy and management，environmental geology, and many other aspects.3. The definition of the index, the corresponding evaluation standard and calculationmethod was carried out generally and completely. And groundwater drinking sourcesecurity level was divided into five states: ideal safety and safety, the critical state,unsafe state, highly unsafety.4. Innovatively, by both the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) and the theory ofgroup decision-making, the weight set was comprehensive computed.5. The construction scheme of the groudwater drinking source at Bayan town wasresearched. At the same time, this water source, as an example, was evaluated throughthe security evaluation index system, which could verify the applicability of the indexsystem.(1) To evaluate groundwater environmental quality in the study area, mainly includesgroundwater quality evaluation and water quality health evaluation, of which thegroundwater quality evaluation was realized by the Nemerow method, analytichierarchy process and improved grey correlation method. Meanwhile, the immuneevolutionary algorithm universal formula was also used for verification result. Theresults indicated that the results of three methods were Ⅳ class. Health assessmentresult was1.536×10-7, which was in a state of perfect security in the region.(2) Through data collection, field investigation and test means, with the numericalmethod and analytical method, the hydrogeological parameters of the aquifer wereobtained in the study area, and the distribution and structure of the aquifer were foundout: the distribution of aquifer floor in the northeast and the south watershed of thestudy area buried The aquifer sloped from the east to the west slightly. The deepestaquifer floor is located in the washland of ShaoLing river, and there appeared doubleaquifer structure, in which two groups of clay in Q2and Q4have been deposited, sandgravel layer respectively. They can be seen as the pore phreatic water and poreconfined aquifer closely linked with Shaoling river.Through analysis about thecontour maps of the roof, the floor and the groundwater level, it can be founded thatthere was a groundwater watershed in the south of the study area for the first time.(3)The groundwater resources and the allowable exploitation in the study area werecalculated.The results were as following: the groundwater average recharge from1960to2012is2630.82×104m3/a, the groundwater resourcewas2492.95×104m3/a.The mean allowable groundwater exploitation was5.30×104m3/d in the study area. (4) By the numerical method, the groundwater flow field in the studied area wassimulate and forecasted. The forecast period was from2013to2023, which meanttotal10years after the completion of the third waterworks construction. In this paper,there were four schemes to forecast. And the results show that when the study areasuffered continuous10dry years (75%), the groundwater drawdowns in the secondand third water plants would reach6.40m and10.20m, but less than50%of theaquifer thickness. In the other parts of the study, the groundwater drawdown appeareda downward trend, but not obvious.(5)Through the evaluation about groundwater quantity and quality in the study areaand simulation predictions on the groundwater field, it was known the newly-bulitthird water plant shceme was feasible, and it can satisfy the water demand of3×104m3/d under the condition that it did not threat the local groundwater resources andenvironment.(6) The safety assessment results in the study area could be divided into two periods,which can be summarized as the security status before and after the change of waterextraction project: the groundwater security evaluation results were2.591and2.264,respectively, which were in the critical state and in the security status. Under thestatus system, the groundwater quantity security status were3.365and3.170,respectively, in the critical state, and the groundwater quality security status was2.620,in the critical safety state. From the status quo to the forecast year, the biggest changewas the response system,also named pollution control engineering index. Its value hasfallen by1.158, improved from the critical state to the safety status; The smallestchange was the pressure system,only dropped by0.125, which was still in thesafetystatus. From the evaluation process and results in this paper, the established evaluationindex system has a high practicability. On the basis of reflecting the generalcharacteristics of the drinking water source security, each index, each system andstatus can be grasped.And the evaluation conclusion also has a certain reference andguidance significance for the operation and management of water source in Bayan.To sum up, this paper mainly completed the following innovations: A morecomplete and comprehensive connotation of groundwater resource was put forward;The groundwater drinking source security evaluation indices system at the town levelwas established firstly, which supplemented by the corresponding evaluationstandards and calculation methods; Innovatively, by both the fuzzy analytic hierarchyprocess (FAHP) and the theory of group decision-making, the weight set was comprehensive computed. Using the theory of wavelet, combined with SOM-RBFneural network, the precipitation in the study area was forecasted.更多还原