【作者】 邓葵；

【导师】 施向东；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 比较语言学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 《诗经》是上古音研究必不可少的资料,对《诗经》押韵材料进行系统的统计分析有助于我们整理总结《诗经》韵例,进一步划分《诗经》时期的上古韵部及构拟各部的音值。同时,研究《诗经》的押韵情况,是探讨中国诗歌押韵本质的第一步也是最重要的一个步骤,而以往对押韵实质的不同理解造成了音韵学研究中的很多分歧。另外,对《诗经》押韵的研究也为我们解决上古音研究中长期存在的争议问题提供了可靠的依据,如韵部元音多少及音值构拟、阴声韵尾的构拟、上古声调的表现形式等问题。本文主要从《诗经》押韵材料出发,结合运用传统和现代的统计方法,分析了《诗经》中押韵的各种情况,围绕押韵实质及韵部的元音、韵尾和声调这几个方面进行了研究。全文主要研究了下面六个方面的问题：1.《诗经》韵例。我们比较了孔广森《诗声分类》和王力《诗经韵读》中所列韵例,并参照了王显《诗经韵谱》的研究,认为王力《诗经韵读》中的韵例分析有些地方可以修订,同时也对其中的分类标准及分类提出了修改建议。2.《诗经》的通合韵。我们分析了王力《诗经韵读》中所有的通合韵例,探讨了通合韵的条件,认为音节尾部特征和谐是通合韵的必要条件。3.押韵的实质。我们分析了“押韵”之“韵”与“音韵学”之“韵”的异同,考察了古今中外诸多诗例押韵的情况,认为押韵中“韵”的和谐来源于特定人群的语音感知系统,进一步证明了押韵的本质是“音节尾部特征的和谐”,指出押韵是音韵学中研究“韵”的基础,能反映音韵系统变化,是上古音韵研究的枢纽。4.上古汉语韵部构拟中与元音有关的问题。一是一个韵部是否可以有多个元音,我们主要从押韵实质及对《诗经》押韵情况的解释、从汉藏语比较研究中得出的韵系等方面证明了为一部构拟多个元音是有事实根据的,其实与一部一个元音的构拟并不存在根本对立；二是各韵部中元音音值的构拟,我们分析了各家的音值构拟,讨论了上古韵部元音构拟的检验标准。5.上古阴声韵尾构拟。我们考察了《诗经》中阴入相押的情况,并参照现代民歌押韵,对照了藏语后加字小a的用法,同时也考虑了音节韵素量的和谐,论证了元音尾音节也能与塞音尾音节押韵,提出不必为上古阴声韵部构拟塞韵尾。6.上古汉语声调。我们对声调起源与发展研究方面影响较大的声母语音特征转移、元音长短和松紧、辅音韵尾消失这三种学说进行了述评,从对《诗经》押韵材料的统计分析入手,拟测了《诗经》时期的声调情况,对上古时期声调的发展演变进行了推演。论文的创新之处在于：1.传统及现代的统计方法相结合,韵段统计与韵次统计相补充,还进行了分期,系统全面地统计和分析了《诗经》的押韵情况；2.着重分析了以往“押韵的字必须韵基相同”这一理论假设的不合理性,从古今中外诗歌押韵的实际出发深入探讨了押韵实质；3.从汉藏比较及《诗经》押韵材料出发,讨论了上古音构拟中“一部多元音”的可行性；4.主张在检验上古韵部元音构拟时也应该相应地分期,孰轻孰重要凭所用材料说话；5.讨论了上古声调起源发展问题,分清了声调产生的根本动因及发生演变的条件,特别是对上古上、去二声的来源做了细致的考察。论文研究的意义在于：统计分析了《诗经》押韵的情况,对把握诗歌押韵本质提供了理论和实例支持,为解决上古音研究中长期存在争议的韵部元音数量及音值构拟、阴声韵尾、上古声调情况等问题提供了解决思路。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Book of Songs is an essential component in the reaserch of ancient Chinese phonology. Systematic statistical analysis of the rhymes in the "Book of Songs" can help us summarize the types and rules for rhyme contained therein. Analysis allows determination of rhyme classes during the "Book of Songs" period and reconstruction of sound values for the rhyme classes. One of the major problems in past phonological analysis was that rhyming theory was understood differently by different scholars. Study of the rhyme contained in the Book of Songs is the first step in starting a discussion about the nature of rhyme. It is also an important step. Statistical analysis allows common ground for analysis of the Book of Songs that does not depend on interpretation of meaning by the researching scholar. Finally, research on the rhyme of "Book of Songs" can provide a solid evidence on which solutions for long-standing contentious issues within the field of ancient Chinese phonology can be based. Major issues include:classification of rhyme based on number of vowels and vowel construction, whether or not the Yinsheng has a coda, and how many tones were used in OC and how they were expressed (sounded).This thesis analyzes rhyme from the "book of songs" using traditional and modern statistical methods. The kinds of rhyme in the book of songs are analyzed with special focus on several aspects of rhyme.. The six aspects of primary focus are as follows:1. Book of Songs rhythm.Analysis of rhyme in the books:Kong Guangsen’s "Shisheng Fenlei", Wang Li’s "Shijing Yundu" and Wang Xian’s "Shijing Yunpu". Analysis of these works suggested some parts of Wang Li’s "Shijing Yundu" were in need of revision. Revisions were in the areas of classification types and classification standards and classifications.2. Book of Songs Tongyun and Heyun. All the cases of Tongyun and Heyun listed in Wang Li’s "Shijing Yundu" were analyzed, The conditions underlying Tongyun and Heyun were investigated. It was found that that syllable tail harmony is the essential condition of Tongyun and Heyun. 3. Rhyming essentials. The similarities and differences of "rhyme" in "rhyming" and in "phonology" were analyzed. Many cases of rhyme in poem were observed. Poems including ancient, modern, Chinese, and foreign were used to determine that the harmony of rhyme is derived speech perception system specific to each society. It was further shown that the nature of rhyme is "harmony" of syllable tail characteristics and that rhyme is the basis of "yun"(rhyme) in the field of phonology. Syllable tail characteristics reflect the changes of a particular phonological system and are the key to the study of ancient Chinese rhyme.4.Problems related to ancient Chinese rhyme sound construction. Two problems arise in relation to ancient Chinese vowels. The first is whether a rhyme class can have more than one vowel. Through analysis of the nature of rhyme and the interpretation of the Book of Songs rhyme data as well as the rhyme system from Sino-Tibetan languages comparative study, it is shown that more than one vowel is indeed fundamental to sound construction and is not antagonistic to single vowel constructions. Second, the composition of sound in various constructions were analyzed. The sound composition used by several scholars was analyzed and the acceptance standard used for ancient Chinese sound composition is discussed.5. Ancient Chinese Yinsheng construction. A comparison between the Yinsheng and Rusheng rhyming pattern in the Book of Songs and the use of (?) in Tibetan literature. Use of rhyme in modern folk songs and the harmony of rhyme between elements were also taken into consideration. It is argued that syllables ending with vowel can rhyme with the syllables ending with stop coda. Therefore, there is no need to reconstruct a stop coda for Yinsheng rhyme groups.6. Ancient Chinese tones. A commentary is made about which of three theories had the greatest influence on the origin and development ancient Chinese tones: initial sound characteristic transfer, the length of the vowels and their elasticity, consonants coda dissapearance. Statistical analysis of the Book of Songs rhyme material is used to reconstructed the tones of the period of the Book of Songs as well as to deduce the the evolution of ancient Chinese tones.The innovations included in this thesis are as follows:1.Combine traditional with modern statistical methods for rhyme analysis. Combined rhyme segment statistics with the rhyme periodization. Systematically analyze the rhyme of the "book of songs" in stages;2. Discuss the nature of rhyme according to analysis of past theoretical assumptions and show these past assumption that "words that rhyme must have the same rhyming radical" are inappropriate. To facilitate this discussion, inspection is made of rhyme in poetry of ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.3. Based on rhyme from of the Book of Songs and comparison with Sino-Tibetan, the feasibility of "multi-vowel" construction is discussed.;4. The assertion is made that examination of ancient Chinese vowel construction should have relative periodization. Determination of the importance of each of piece is specific to the periodization of that piece.5. The problem of the origin and development of ancient Chinese tones is discussed. The basis for tones is distinguished from the conditions under which ancient Chinese tones evolved Special consideration is given to the source of ancient Chinese’s Shangsheng and Qusheng.Significance of the study lies in the following:Statistical analysis of the Book of Songs rhyme provides examples in support of theory that can help to grasp the nature of poetry rhyme. Further, a new means is uncovered to solve long-term controversial issues in ancient Chinese studies such as vowel number, rhyme construction, Yinsheng coda, ancient Chinese tones.更多还原