【作者】 张博；

【导师】 孟昭连；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 这篇论文的研究范畴属于对《三国演义》文化学研究的范围之内。但是由于能力所限,只选择一些传统观念作为切入角度来管窥这一课题的冰山一角。本文的正文部分共分为五章。第一章主要分析儒家传统的伦理观念“仁”、“忠”、“义”三者在《三国演义》中的矛盾特征,及其矛盾背后渗透出的文化冲突。在对《三国演义》“仁”观念的分析中,本文重点分析了刘备这一被人民和作者寄予了理想化仁君色彩的人物在其一生斗争过程中坚持仁政理想与获得政治利益上的矛盾,指出儒家向往的仁政理想和政治军事斗争的利益之间的关系不仅是缺乏联系的,甚至是相反的,获取政治利益的条件体现为对仁政理想的背离。而出现这一观念上矛盾的根源在于儒家和法家在政治理念上的根本分歧。在对《三国演义》“忠”观念的研究中,本文首先指出矛盾的焦点在于作品对愚忠守节者和背弃忠君原则的叛变者同样表现出了宽容,甚至对后者的弃暗投明表现出了积极地认可。对于这一问题,我们将其还原到春秋时代的“士文化”的嬗变过程中去,并认为士人在不同时代背景下,对“士志于道”的理解发生的转变导致了《三国演义》“忠”观念的矛盾。对于《三国演义》中的“义”观念,本文的研究从被毛宗岗称为“义绝”的关羽的人物形象入手,分析主要体现其重义的情节之中所体现出的“义”的性质,从而发现儒家和墨家同样提倡的“义”的不同内涵的冲突对《三国演义》中的“义”观念造成的影响。第二章主要探讨了《三国演义》之中几个历史观念的矛盾之处。首先,对于天命问题,《三国演义》中的人物明确分成了两个截然不同的阵营,一些人物在得知天意后顺天而行,而另一些人物则以知其不可而为之的态度逆天意而行,人物在两种抉择的之间矛盾态度来源于儒家中孔孟学派和荀子学派对于天命是否有常,天命是否由道德决定的根本分歧。对于三国时代魏国和蜀国孰者为正统的问题,历朝历代的历史学家、哲学家、小说家的争论始终没有停止过,其对王朝正统性的评价标准更是莫衷一是,《三国演义》选择了“拥刘反曹”的政治基调,没有接纳陈寿《三国志》帝魏寇蜀的立场。这其中不仅包含了朱熹等一系列南宋理学名家对蜀汉正统地位的推崇,也与民众对现实政治和民族压迫政策的反抗相关。对于《三国演义》英雄观念的研究主要集中在《三国演义》中曹操这一人物其历史形象与文学形象截然不同的定位上。在《三国志》中的超世英杰与《三国演义》中的乱世奸雄之间,横亘着道德标准这一无法逾越的重要标准。而统摄《三国演义》的核心历史观仍是天命史观,而并非英雄史观,对于这一问题的辨析也将在英雄观章节中加以论述。第三章主要论述了《三国演义》所反映的汉末三国时代道教发展状况,重点分析了张角、张鲁、于吉与左慈分别实践的道教与政治相结合三种形式。通过对三种宗教政治模式失败经验的总结,以及道教领袖难逃被杀、投降、被严格控制的悲剧命运的原因的综合分析,从而展示出道教文化自从汉代诞生以来,与占据主流地位的儒家文化相互冲突斗争的全过程,揭示出《三国演义》道教情节的文化蕴涵。第四章主要关注了《三国演义》中为数较少,地位相对较轻的一些女人人物角色。在粗略地将她们归入不同的类型之后,主要分析了《三国演义》中间女性形象身上存在的三大矛盾：社会地位的尊与卑,女性的美貌与政治斗争是否存在因果关系,在道德层面上是否存在着对贞节方面的要求。在本章的最后一节中,我们将引入社会性别的概念,从三国女性对政治的参与这一问题入手,分析占据社会主流的男权文化对女性参政问题的压制,以及在男权话语书写下的《三国演义》的性别文化特征。第五章以《三国演义》研究中比较热门的虚实观念作为切入,首先总结了前人对《三国演义》虚实问题的争议看法,并使用切实的考据方法,对《三国演义》中的一些前人以往关注的不多的历史与虚构之间关系进行了分析考辨。本文将《三国演义》存在的虚实观念中的差异矛盾归结为上层的史官文化与新兴的下层市民文化之间存在的冲突。而在新历史主义学者看来,历史本身就充满了各种虚构,无论是史官文化还是市民文化,它们虽然存在着完全不同的对历史真实问题的态度,但是他们实际上在使用着同样的方法来编织着历史典籍或是通俗小说的文本。第六章作为全文的结论部分,将引入文化冲突和文化融合理论的原理,并以此再次梳理《三国演义》中所体现的文化冲突,在总结全篇论文的同时,对《三国演义》的文化研究进行进一步的展望。更多还原

【Abstract】 The scope of this study belongs to the scope of the study of "the romance of the Three Kingdoms" culture. But due to the limited capacity, an angle only choose some traditional ideas as a starting point to study this subject iceberg.The text part is divided into five chapters. The first chapter mainly analyzes the traditional Confucian ethics "benevolence","loyalty","righteousness" the three in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" in the characteristics of the conflict, cultural conflict and contradiction behind the penetration of. In the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms""Ren" concept analysis, this paper focuses on the analysis of Liu Bei’s being and the author’s ideal Renjun color characters in his struggle to benevolent ideal and obtain contradiction between political interests, points out that the relationship between Confucianism aspire to political and military struggle and benevolent the interest is not only the lack of contact, even opposite, obtain political benefits conditions reflected on the deviation from the ideal of benevolent government. And the emergence of the concept of Confucianism and Legalism problem lies in the fundamental differences in the political ideas. In the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms""loyalty" concept of the study, this paper points out that the contradiction is the focus of the work of Yu Zhong and loyalty principle feast on rebels also showed tolerance, even for the latter forsake darkness for light show positive recognition. For this problem, we will revert to the evolution process of the spring and Autumn Period "scholar culture" to, and that the scholars in different background, on the "Shi Zhi Dao" understanding of the transformation resulted in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms""loyalty" concept of contradiction. For the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" in "righteousness" concept, this paper studies from Mao Zonggang was known as the "justice" of Guan Yu characters, analysis of the nature of its heavy righteousness plot reflects the "righteousness", which found that the influence of the Confucianist and the Mohist school also advocated the "meaning" of the different the connotation of "the romance of the Three Kingdoms" in the conflict between the concept of "justice" by.The second chapter mainly discusses the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" contradictions among several historical ideas. First of all, for the destiny of nature,"the romance of the Three Kingdoms" in the figures clearly divided into two distinct camps, some of the characters in that Providence after day and do it, while others have to know its not and for attitude against the will of heaven and man, between the two choices of contradictory attitude from Confucianism Kong Meng school and the Xunzi school for the destiny of nature are often, fundamental differences from moral decision destiny. For the period of the Three Kingdoms of Wei and Shu is orthodox, dynasties historian, philosopher, novelist of the controversy has never stopped, their evaluation of the legitimacy of the standard Dynasty is unable to agree on which is right,"Romance of the Three Kingdoms" choice "."Supporting Liu and refusing Cao" political tone, is not the admission of "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" Chen Shou emperor Wei animy shu position. It contains not only the Confucianism of Zhu Xi and a series of Southern Song Dynasty respected artists on the orthodox position of Shu Han, and the public on the real political and ethnic oppression revolt related policy. For the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" hero concept research mainly concentrated in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" Cao Cao location in this character of its historical and literary image from the image. In the annals of the Three Kingdoms "in between" super world Yingjie and "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" in troubled times scoundrel, a moral standard that insurmountable important standard. While the core of history "the romance of the Three Kingdoms" control concept is still the mandate of heaven, but not heroes, for the analysis of this problem will also be in the heroic outlook chapter discusses.The third chapter summarizes the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" in the reproduction of the late Han Three Kingdoms period of development of Taoism, Taoist and analyzes the political angle, Zhang Lu, Yu Ji and left respectively in practice in three forms. Through to three kind of political model of religious failure experience, comprehensive analysis and Taoists escape was killed, surrender, be strict control of the tragic fate, thus show the Taoism culture since Han Dynasty since the birth of the whole process of struggle, conflict between punch and occupy the mainstream position of Confucian culture, reveals the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" the plot of the cultural implication of taoism.The fifth chapter "the romance of the Three Kingdoms" and the concept of popular as the breakthrough, first summarizes the previous controversial views on the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" actual problem, and use the method of textual research on practical,"the former Three Kingdoms" in the past’s not much history between fiction and analyze the relationship between the textual research. Different concepts and the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" in the presence of contradictions due to the conflict between the upper and lower official historian culture emerging public culture. But in the view of New Historicism scholars, history itself is full of all kinds of fiction, both the Historiographer culture and citizen culture, although they are completely different to the historical issue, but they are actually using the same method to weave the history of ancient books or text of popular fiction.The sixth chapter is the conclusion part, the cultural conflict and fusion theory is introduced, and then combed again "the cultural conflicts embodied in the romance of the Three Kingdoms", in the summary of the whole thesis. At the same time, further prospect of cultural study on "the romance of the Three Kingdoms".更多还原