【作者】 李瑞奇；

【导师】 李雁鸣； 马峙英；

【作者基本信息】 河北农业大学 ， 种子科学与技术， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 中国小麦的播种面积和产量仅次于水稻，位居全国第二位。河北省小麦播种面积常年维持在233.3万hm2以上，总产量仅次于河南省和山东省，位居全国第三位。河北省小麦生产能力的不断提高，对保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。河北省水资源极度匮乏，尤其是小麦生长期间的自然降水量偏少，远不能满足小麦生长需求。氮肥的施用在促进小麦产量提高的同时，也可能成为影响环境安全的因素。研究明确河北省冬小麦品种的遗传多样性和超高产冬小麦的品种特征，不仅对丰富河北省冬小麦种质多样性，提高冬小麦高产抗旱育种水平提供理论参考，也对不同类型品种水氮施用技术的革新具有重要的指导意义。本研究采用系谱分析和计算骨干亲本遗传贡献率的方法，研究分析了河北省1976-2013年间审定的156个冬小麦品种的遗传多样性。采用抗旱系数、抗旱指数和SSR标记技术，研究了河北省1997-2007年间审定的85个冬小麦品种的农艺性状抗旱性和遗传多样性。在国家粮食丰产科技工程河北省项目区示范县的超高产麦田，采用多点大区对比法研究筛选了N300kg/hm2+春2水、N240kg/hm2+春2水和N180kg/hm2+春1水3个水氮组合条件下氮高效冬小麦品种。取得结果如下：1.明确了河北省审定的冬小麦品种的骨干亲本遗传贡献率和育种骨干品种。本研究依据对现代冬小麦品种遗传贡献率，明确了蚂蚱麦/碧玉麦等11个普通小麦骨干亲本为河北省审定冬小麦品种的主要骨干亲本。各骨干亲本对河北省审定冬小麦品种的遗传贡献率由大到小的顺序为蚂蚱麦/碧玉麦＞早洋麦＞劳夫林10号＞欧柔=咸农39＞胜利麦/燕大1817＞阿夫乐尔＞丰产3号＞阿勃＞临漳麦＞太谷核不育材料。在1949年以后河北省审定的冬小麦品种中，津丰1号、石新733、泰山5号、冀麦36号、冀麦30号、冀麦32号、冀麦38号、石4185、藁优8901和邯6172等10个品种先后成为该省小麦新品种培育的骨干亲本。并依据这些骨干品种的农艺特征，明确了河北省冬小麦的育种目标一直紧密结合该区域小麦生长季的生态特征，突出小麦的多穗型、抗倒伏、高产、抗旱、耐盐碱、抗锈病的育种特征。2.筛选了河北省审定冬小麦品种的抗旱性鉴定指标，并明确了小麦抗旱高产的育种方向。本研究首次发现了子粒长度、子粒比重均与小麦品种的丰产性和抗旱性显著正相关，干旱结实率和子粒长度也是冬小麦抗旱性鉴定的可靠性状。河北省审定的大部分小麦品种在灌溉条件下产量较高，但其抗旱性尚需进一步改善。增加灌溉条件下的单株成穗数、穗粒数、旗叶长度是提高小麦丰产性的育种途径，而增加干旱条件下单株成穗数、穗粒数以及缩短干旱条件下的旗叶长度是提高旱地产量的育种方向。河北省小麦品种基于抗旱农艺性状的遗传基础较为狭窄。提高高产抗旱种质资源的遗传丰富度，是今后河北省小麦高产抗旱育种的关键。在合理利用现有种质资源的基础上，应进一步引进、收集和创新优异的高产抗旱种质。3.基于SSR标记，明确了河北省审定冬小麦品种的遗传多样性。本研究通过计算每个SSR标记位点的等位基因数Ne（1.644~20.333，平均4.708）和香农信息指数SI（0.148~1.102，平均0.544）表明，河北省小麦品种基因型多样性在大多数SSR位点上较为丰富。遗传相似系数变幅为0.184~0.899，平均0.418，遗传变异程度高于其他省份。河北省农林科学院粮油作物研究所选育的小麦品种遗传基础最为丰富，石家庄市小麦新品种新技术研究所选育的小麦品种与其他单位的品种存在较大的异质性。建议育种单位在选配亲本时，重视引入具有不同的遗传背景、优异性状互补的品种资源作亲本，选育出更多遗传背景丰富的小麦优良新品种。4.明确了河北省超高产冬小麦的品种特征。多穗型冬小麦品种是河北省冬小麦产量不断提高的首选品种类型。产量结构特征为穗数764.7万/hm2左右，穗粒数34.5粒左右；千粒重41.3g左右。群体总茎（穗）数变化特征为基本苗361.7万/hm2左右，冬前总茎数1084.1万/hm2左右，最大总茎数1465.2万/hm2左右；成穗率53.6%左右，穗数占冬前总茎数比例变幅71.2%左右，主茎穗比例47.3%左右，分蘖穗比例53.7%左右。叶面积指数变化特征为冬前0.88左右，起身期1.20左右，拔节期6.04左右，孕穗期7.53左右，开花期5.54左右。株高变化特征为冬前16.2cm左右，起身期18.8cm左右，拔节期42.0cm左右，开花期75.9cm左右。单株次生根特征为冬前2.5条左右，起身期5.7条左右，拔节期20.2条左右；开花期29.2条左右。5.明确了超高产冬小麦适宜水氮施用量，并筛选了氮高效超高产冬小麦品种。适氮节水（N240kg/hm2+春2水）处理的平均干物质积累量和平均子粒产量最高，是河北省超高产冬小麦协调营养生长与生殖生长矛盾，实现较高子粒产量的最佳措施。本研究结果表明，冬小麦品种的氮高效表现存在于一定的施氮量范围，且不同品种存在差异。强筋冬小麦品种（藁优2018）的高效施氮量高于普通冬小麦品种。河农200和石优20在不同施氮量条件下均属氮高效品种，冀麦585和河农826在较高施氮量条件下属氮高效品种，婴泊700在较低施氮量条件下属氮高效品种。更多还原

【Abstract】 In China, the harvest area and production of wheat is next to those of rice, and ranksthe second in all crops. In Hebei Province, the harvest area of wheat is more than230million ha each year, and the production ranks after Henan and Shandong Province.Enhancement of wheat production capacity in Hebei Province is of great importance inensuring national food security in China. Water resource is very limited in Hebei Province,especially the precipitation is less in the period of wheat growth, which can not meet thedemand of wheat. It is, therefore, of great significance to determine the genetic diversityand characteristics of winter wheat variety with super high yield in broadening the geneticdiversity of wheat germplasm, increasing breeding level of drought resistance andinnovating irrigation and N application of different types of wheat varieties.In this study, genetic diversity of156winter wheat varieties authorized in HebeiProvince from1976to2013were analyzed by pedigree analysis and genetic contributionratio of wheat backbone parents. Drought resistance and genetic diversity of85winterwheat varieties authorized in Hebei Province from1997to2007were studied throughdrought resistance coefficient, drought resistance index and SSR markers. Winter wheatvarieties of high nitrogen efficiency were screened under three water-nitrogen regimes, i.e.,N300kg/ha+twice spring irrigation, N240kg/ha+twice spring irrigation, and N180kg/ha+once spring irrigation through multi-site experiments carried out in the wheat fieldsof super highly yielding demonstration in counties involved in Hebei area of The NationalScience and Technology Project for Food Production. The results were as follows:1. Genetic contribution ratio of backbone parents and key breeding parents of winterwheat varieties authorized in Hebei Province were explicated. Based on geneticcontribution ratio of backbone parents to modern varieties, it was concluded that,11wheatbackbone parents from the species Triticum aestivum, including Mazhamai/Biyumai, weredetermined to be the main progenitors of winter wheat varieties authorized in HebeiProvince. The contribution ratio of the11backbone parents in the order from high to lowwere Mazhamai/Biyumai, Early Piemium, Lovering10, Orofen=Xiannong39,Triumph/Yanda1817, Aapopa, Fengchan3, Abbondaza, Linzhangmai and Taigu genic malesterile wheat, respectively.Ten wheat varieties authorized in Hebei Province, Jinfeng1, Shixin733, Taishan5, Jimai36, Jimai30, Jimai32, Jimai38, Shi4185, Gaoyou8901and Han6172were key parentsin wheat breeding of this region since1949. According to the agronomic traits of these keyparents, wheat breeding objective in Hebei Province was determined and should closelycombine the ecological conditions during wheat growing season, especially pay attentionto multi-spike, lodging resistance, high yield, drought resistance, salt tolerance, and rustresistance.2. Drought resistance indices of winter wheat varieties authorized in Hebei Provincewere screened, and breeding direction of drought resistance and high yield was clarified. Itwas found that the grain length and specific gravity were positively correlated to high yieldand drought resistance of wheat varieties significantly. Grain setting rate and grain lengthin the condition of drought were reliable traits for drought resistance identification ofwinter wheat varieties. A majority of winter wheat varieties authorized in Hebei Provinceshowed higher yield under irrigation, but their drought resistance need to be improved. Theimprovement of spikes per plant, grains per spike and the length of flag leaf underirrigation were a breeding approach for increasing wheat yield, but the increase of spikesper plant and grains per spike, and shorter flag leaves become a breeding direction forincreasing yield under drought. Genetic basis of wheat germplasms with drought resistancewas narrow in Hebei Province. Broadening genetic abundance of drought resistancegermplasm was, therefore, very important for high yield and drought resistance breeding ofwheat. Introduction, collection and creation of elite germplasm with high yield and droughtresistance need to be enhanced from now on.3. Genetic diversity of87tested winter wheat varieties was abundant using SSRmolecular markers. The effective number of alleles for each locus (Ne) varied from1.644to20.333, with an average of4.708. Shannon-Weiner index (SI) ranged from0.148to1.102and averaged0.544. These indicated that genetic diversity of tested varieties was lowbased on SSR markers. The genetic similarity coefficients (GS) varied from0.184to0.899,with an average of0.418. That means that the genetic variation of the varieties from HebeiProvince was higher than those from other Provinces. The GS averages were differentamong the varieties released from different breeders. The UPGMA cluster indicated thatthe genetic difference of the varieties bred by Shijiazhuang New Wheat Variety andTechnology Research Institute was highly differ from those bred by other breeders. So, tointroduce the germplasms with different genetic background and charactercomplementation for parent selection should be pay attention by breeders in order to breedmore elite wheat varieties.4. The characteristics of super higher yield winter wheat varieties in Hebei Provincewere clarified. Multi-spike variety was a principal type for increasing winter wheat yield.The yield components were764.7spikes per m2,34.5grains per spike, and1000grainweight41.3g. Characteristics of population culms comprised about361.7seedings per m2, 1084.1culms pre m2before over-winter, with a maximum1465.2culms pre m2,53.6%ofspiking ratio,71.2%of spikes accounting for before winter culms. And47.3%of spikescame from main shoots, and53.7%from tillers. Leaf area index characteristics includedabout0.88before winter,1.2at erecting stage,6.04at jointing,7.53at booting, and5.54atanthesis stage. The plant height showed16.2cm before winter,18.8cm aterecting,42.0cmat jointing,75.9cm at booting, and75.9cm at anthesis stage. Characteristics ofadventitious roots per plant were about2.5pre-winter,20.2at jointing, and29.2at anthesisstage.5. Appropriate irrigation and N application of winter wheat with super higher yieldwere explicated, and super higher yield winter wheat varieties were screened. Averageaccumulation of dry matter and average grain weight of winter wheat were the highest inthe treatment of N240kg/ha+twice spring irrigation. This treatment was the best measurefor coordinating vegetative and reproductive growth of winter wheat and achieving highergrain yield. N efficiency of winter wheat had a range in N application, and the differenceexisted among different varieties. Strong gluten winter wheat variety Gaoyou2018hadhigher efficiency of N application than other winter wheat varieties. Henong200andshiyou20, Jimai585and Henong826, and Yingbo700displayed higher efficiency of Napplication in all nitrogen application rate, higher nitrogen application rate, and lowernitrogen application rate, respectively.更多还原