【作者】 赵鑫；

【导师】 王彦明；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 经济法， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 农村合作金融是指在农村地区以合作制为原则，由广大农民和农村中小企业自愿入股联合,实行民主管理，主要为成员提供资金融通服务的金融活动的总称。农村合作金融的组织主体主要包括农村信用合作社、农村合作银行、农村资金互助社、农业合作基金会、农村党员互助会与合会等组织。农村信用合作社（本文简称农村信用社）是农村合作金融最有代表性、最为主要的组织类型。农村合作金融是在马克思主义政治经济学、西方经济学和中国特色社会主义理论中的合作经济组织思想中建立起来的。反垄断法的价值目标决定了，反垄断法的适用范围及豁免范围。反垄断法的基本属性是普遍适用于各个行业、各个领域，反垄断豁免是反垄断法实施的例外，又是重要的补充。农村合作金融反垄断法豁免问题就是在探讨其在一定程度上承认农村合作金融垄断合法性问题。反垄断法豁免制度是国家反垄断法在农村金融领域功能强弱的检测器，其价值取向与制度设置受国家的经济、政治、文化及国际环境等多种因素影响，这也决定了这一制度的设立应当根据国家的实际国情而进行取舍、整合和平衡。农村金融市场结构、发展程度和农村金融产业政策是影响和决定农村合作金融反垄断法豁免的重要因素。农村合作金融组织作为市场主体，从事一定的经营活动，与其它市场主体共同参与市场竞争，就这一特点而言，其具有一定的商业性与竞争性。正是因为其具有一定的商业竞争性质，决定了其可以进入反垄断法领域来探讨适用与否的问题。农村合作金融组织是在互助合作的原则基础上建立起来的，为了维持合作金融组织的长期有效运行，最大程度上满足成员的互易性、服务性的资金需要。正是这种特殊的经营性质，决定了有必要深入探讨反垄断法是否应对其适用豁免的问题。农村合作金融市场中农村信用社等市场主体，因客观经济环境因素，形成了资源占有的优势，从而造成了市场份额、市场影响力、价格控制能力等多方面优势，最终形成了市场支配地位。取得了市场支配地位的农村信用社等农村合作金融市场主体，进行了诸如差别待遇交易、附加条件交易、强制收费、捆绑收费、强制搭售、指定交易及强制交易等滥用支配地位的行为。这些行为严重损害了金融消费者的利益，而保护消费者利益是反垄断法重要的法益目标，消费者权益在滥用市场支配地位案件中可以构成一个独立的适用标准。这类损害消费者利益的行为，属于学理上“剥削性滥用”滥用市场支配地位的类型。同时，农村合作金融又存在利率同盟等限制竞争协议行为。另外，因其机构合并重组等事件的发生和经营者集中审查标准的“失灵”，农村合作金融领域还存在着经营者集中的垄断风险。虽然农村合作金融领域存在着垄断问题与垄断风险，但是基于农村合作金融的特殊性，我国的反垄断法应该对其实现一定程度的豁免。农村合作金融进行反垄断法豁免有充分的依据，主要体现在：农村合作金融机构的作为弱势主体联合体的互助共济性、经营活动的特殊性、财产关系的特殊性及民主管理的组织原则等“合作经济组织”属性；农村合作金融组织在实现经济民主、政治民主、社会公益等方面的制度功能与反垄断法及反垄断豁免制度的功能具有契合性。美国、欧盟、日本等发达国家与地区分别以不同角度、不同内容对于农村合作社行为进行豁免规定，我国可以考虑借鉴这些先进立法经验。关于农村合作金融反垄断法豁免的行为认定问题，首当其冲所要解决的问题就是认定的原则。关于农村合作金融反垄断法豁免的认定原则问题，我们应该依据具体情况而综合运用本身违法原则与合理原则。在农村合作金融反垄断法豁免的认定过程中，还应该综合考虑以下因素：所涉行为是否符合合作社目的、“规定识别”与“推定识别”的区别、组织行为对内性与对外性的区分等。农村合作金融如何具体适用反垄断法豁免制度问题，需要在机制与程序层面予以解决。我国当前《反垄断法》有关豁免的规定体现在第七条、第十五条、第二十八条、第五十五条、第五十六条等规定中，农村合作金融若想获得反垄断豁免并不能直接套用以上规定，或者说，现有法律条文中并不能找到农村合作金融可获豁免的直接依据。豁免制度是包括于反垄断法中的固有制度，因此，关于农村合作金融的反垄断豁免，不能单独创设出一种制度，而是应该运用“解释论”的方法，对现有的法律制度进行解释适用，在我国反垄断法现有的制度框架中，探讨如何将反垄断法的豁免制度适用于农村合作金融领域，从而探究出农村合作金融进行反垄断豁免的具体适用方式与程序。在豁免方式方面，我国应选择酌定豁免方式；在豁免决定权的配置机制方面，基于行政权决定机制本身的制度优势以及与中国反垄断法律制度的兼容性，我国应确立行政权决定机制，同时在机构与职能的设置上，对于商务部、工商管理总局、国家发展改革委员会三大执法机构进行合理的职能设置与分工；在豁免程序方面，我国应该适用行为豁免程序。更多还原

【Abstract】 Rural cooperative finance is refers that voluntary contribution of the majority offarmers, rural small and medium-sized enterprises,democratic management,collectively mainly provide financing services for members of the financial activitiesin the rural area based on cooperative principle. Rural cooperative financialorganization includes rural credit cooperatives, rural cooperative banks, rural mutualcooperatives, agricultural cooperative foundation and rural Party member societies.Rural Credit Cooperatives is the most important type of organization as therepresentative. Rural cooperative finance is based on cooperative economic thoughtsin Marx’s political economics, western economics and China characteristic socialismtheory.The value of anti monopoly law decided scope of the anti monopoly lawexemption. The basic properties of the anti monopoly law is generally applicable to allsectors,but the anti monopoly exemption is the implementation of the anti-monopolylaw.It is also an important supplement. The exemption system of anti-monopoly law isthe national anti-monopoly law in the detector function of rural financial field strength,the value orientation and system settings affected by the national economic, political,cultural, international environment and other factors, which also determines theestablishment of this system. Rural financial market structure, the level of developmentand rural financial industry policy is an important factor to influence the decision ofrural cooperative finance and exemption of anti-monopoly law.Rural cooperative financial organization as the subject of the market, engaged inbusiness activities,compete with other market subjects. This characteristic decide thatit is commercial. Because of its nature of certain commercial competition, it can enterthe field of anti-monopoly law to discuss the problem of the applicability of the Ruralcooperative finance organization. It is based on the principle of mutual aid andcooperation on the cooperative financial organization, in order to maintain the long-term effective operation, the maximum extent to meet members of the reciprocityand service capital needs. It is the business of this feature, decided it is necessary toexplore the anti monopoly law to deal with the exemption problem.Rural credit cooperatives, rural cooperative financial market subject in the market,because of the objective economic environment factors, the formation of resourceadvantages, resulting in market share, market influence, price control capacity andother advantages. Obtains the market main body of market dominant position of ruralcredit cooperatives and other rural cooperative finance, such as differential treatmentof transactions, additional conditions, compulsory fees, transaction fees, mandatorybinding tying, assigns the transaction and forced trading abuse of dominant positionbehavior. These acts of serious harm to the interests of the financial consumers. Toprotect the interests of consumers is an important law profit target of anti-monopolylaw, the consumer rights and interests can be a suitable standard independent in theabuse of dominant market position in the case. This kind of damages on the interestsof the consumers belong to the theory of "exploitative abuse" of dominant marketposition type. At the same time, there are interest alliance agreement restrictingcompetition behavior about rural cooperative finance. In addition, because of itsmechanism of merger and reorganization of the occurrence and the checkup of thestandard "failure", there are monopoly risk concentration of business operators in therural cooperative finance field.Although rural cooperative finance field problem of monopoly and monopolyexist risk, the particularity of rural cooperative finance based on the implementation ofthe exemption should have a certain degree of China’s anti monopoly law.Anti-monopoly law exemption of rural cooperative finance has sufficient reasons,mainly reflected in: the rural cooperative financial institutions as the main body of theweak combined mutual aid, the particularity of property relations and democraticmanagement of the organizing principles; system function of rural cooperativefinancial organizations can realize economic democracy, political democracy, socialwelfare and so on. The developed countries and areas such as the United States,European Union and Japan proviside for rural cooperative behavior exemption with different angle and different content, China can consider to draw lessons from theseadvanced legislation experience.On the rural cooperative finance of the anti-monopoly law exemptiondetermination principle problem, we should according to the specific situation and thecomprehensive use of Per se illegal rule and Rule of reason.In the process of the ruralcooperative finance identified exemption in anti-monopoly law, we also shouldconsider the following factors: related behavior is consistent with the cooperativepurpose,"the provisions of recognition" and "presumption of recognition" distinction,organizational behavior of internal and external sexual distinction etc.How to apply the system of exemption from antimonopoly law problem need tobe solved in the mechanism and the procedure level. The current provisions of China’s"anti-monopoly law" about the exemption embodied in seventh, fifteenth,twenty-eighth, fifty-fifth, fifty-sixth and so on. Tthe rural cooperative finance foranti-monopoly exemption can not be directly applied to the above provisions. It can’tfind direct basis for the rural cooperative finance in the existing law method. Theexemption system is the inherent system including in the anti monopoly law. Therefore,anti-monopoly exemption on rural cooperative finance cannot create a system lonely,we should use the method of "interpretation" in the existing legal system ofinterpretation and application, the framework of the system of anti-monopoly law inour country.In the way of exemption, our country should choose the discretionary exemption;in the aspect of allocation mechanism, administrative right to determine systemadvantage mechanism itself has compatibility with the Chinese anti monopoly lawsystem, our country should establish the administrative right decision mechanism; inthe exemption procedures, we should be applied to behavior exemption procedure inour country.更多还原