【作者】 周叶婷；

【导师】 陈业宏；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 马克思主义基本原理， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 利益是一切社会活动的中心,不同的群体都对利益有着不同的诉求。我们正处在为消灭私有制而积累物质财富的阶段,经济发展仍然是我们的第一要务。正因为国家对经济的过分重视,资方在追求利润最大化过程中侵害劳动者利益的行为没有受到控制,造成了资方利益的极度扩张,资方往往独享利益并侵占劳方利益,劳方利益受损严重,出现了劳资利益失衡的现象。马克思异化劳动理论、剩余价值论以及雇工工资理论揭示出劳方深受资方的剥削,资本家凭借资本支配劳动者的劳动。劳资双方对资本的需求程度是不同的,劳动者没有资本就没有生活来源不能生存,资本家除了工厂利润之外,还有地租等其它收益,即使没有劳动力也只是经济利益的损失,不会危及生存。由于对于资本需求的程度不同,导致了劳资双方地位的不平等,资方任意侵占劳方的利益,劳资双方的利益严重失衡。本文按照提出问题、分析问题和解决问题的思路展开。通过对数据和案例的实证研究,指出劳资利益从决策到权益受损后的救济都出现了失衡的情况。在企业内部,资方独揽决策权,在企业章程的制定,利润的分配,劳动纪律以及劳动者的管理等方面都居于主导地位。劳方在涉及到切身利益的劳动报酬、工作时间等事项上都很难享有决策权,更别提与资方共享企业的经营管理权。在初次分配的领域,劳动者不仅不能和资方分享他们创造的剩余利润,甚至连最基本的生存工资都受到侵占。在满足就业这一利益需求上,资方可以出于经济因素的考虑,也可以根据个人的偏好来选择劳动者,最大满足自己的利益需求,而大多数劳动者往往不能依据自己的待遇标准、劳动条件和偏好来选择满意的用工单位,实现自身的利益诉求。从劳动关系的解除来看,资方为了榨干劳动者,习惯于超额使用劳动者的“黄金年龄段”后,待劳动力价值下降,便弃之不用,资方似乎总可以找到合理的借口与劳动者解除劳动关系。劳动者利益受到侵害后,力量弱小的劳动者一般需要依靠公权力的介入才能矫正因被侵占而失衡的利益关系,但是他们试图救济被侵害利益的诉求很难得到满足,在寻求公权救济的路上举步维艰,诉求无法表达,在救济失衡利益的过程中造成利益的二次失衡。澄清劳资关系中各种错误认识,树立以“劳动者为本”的指导思想。长期以来我国存在着“以资为本”错误思想,政府对投资的引进态度积极,而对劳动者利益的保护态度消极,重视资本的引进,却忽视对非公有制企业的管理,为了迎合企业利润最大化的目的,不惜牺牲劳动者的利益。这种思想的指导下,劳动积极性受挫,劳动效率低下,从长远来看并不利于经济的增长。因为劳动是社会财富的源泉,劳动在创造价值的同时,劳动者的利益应当受到最大关注。应当树立以“劳动者为本”的指导思想,保护劳动者的利益,让劳动者生存无忧、发展无忧。劳资之间的零和博弈关系也是一种错误的思想,劳方和资方是一个利益共同体,劳方利益增加了,能提高劳动效率、刺激消费,从而增加资方的利益。劳动者作为劳动力投资者,应当与资本投资者共享企业的决策权。资本本身不会增值,只会发生价值形态的转变,而真正创造价值的是劳动者的劳动。既然劳动在与资本结合的过程中如此重要,那么劳动者从某种意义上来说也可以被看做是投资者。资方(通称的投资者)是以投入资本来获取投资收益的,而劳方则是以投资劳动力来获取收益的,劳方和资方同为企业的投资者,理应共同参与企业的决策,只有共同决策才能实现劳资双方平等的地位。我国的法律虽然一直呼吁保护劳动者,却始终认为决策是资方的自主经营者权,不能分享,因此规范并没有赋予劳动者决策权。为了防止“搭便车”的心理,要从经济上保障参与决策劳动者的利益,并要防止劳动者免受资方的打击报复。在形式上,劳动者可以通过工会、集体谈判、股权享有以及加入董事和监事会的方式行使决策权。劳动者的收入应当随着企业财富和国家经济的增长而同比例增长。企业的利润是劳动者创造的,资方付给劳动者的工资只是工人劳动力的价格,只是劳动力所创造利润的很小一部分。然而我国的法律将视线仅仅局限于劳动报酬权的保护上,只关注劳动者劳动报酬权、最低工资,但是这些都只是劳动者合法权益最低限度的保护,只能够减轻资方对劳方利益侵占的程度,但是它不足以平衡劳资间的利益,只有让劳动者分享他们创造的剩余利润才能实现利益的平衡。法律可以通过规定收益公积金、现金和股权三种方式来实现劳动者对利润的分享。从财富分配的角度来说,在劳动创造的总价值一定的情况下,劳动者的工资与资方的利润是成反比的,工资越少,资方所获得的利润就越高。资方会尽量压低劳动者的工资已达到利润最大化的目的。劳动报酬至少应当包括：劳动者本人生存必需的生活资料；劳动者家庭成员生存必需的生活资料；劳动者的培训和教育费用。如果劳动报酬不能满足以上三个方面的需要,那么就不能保证劳动力商品的维持和延续,也不符合现代对人权的要求。法律就应该对于生存工资规定一个公正合理的限度,生存工资制定权力在政府,由于政府对资本有利益的偏好,那么最低工资的法律规范就可能不利于劳方。只有增加政府立法行为的透明度,才能将这种利益偏好降至最低。由于我国劳动力市场是买方市场,在劳动者录用和解雇问题上完全由资方决定,法律应当对资方过大的权力进行限制。我国劳资双方在生存底线之上的权利义务都由劳动合同来进行约定,也就是说从劳动关系的产生到劳动关系的解除都由劳资双方协商,但是实质地位的不平等造成劳方从“进”到“出”过程中与资方的利益不平等。工作是劳动者生活的来源,在进入劳动关系中的利益失衡使得劳动者身价一降再降,在退出劳动关系中的利益失衡使得不想退出的劳动者被资方强行辞退,没有生活的来源。《劳动合同法》中劳动合同期限的规定、辞职权和辞退权的规定以及竞业禁止的规定都不利于劳动者的就业,在就业和雇佣中,资方仍然拥有较大的权力。在《劳动合同法》中建立“推定解雇”制度,防止资方为了不负担经济补偿而逼迫劳动者自动辞职的变相解雇行为,增加资方的解雇成本。《劳动合同法》应当始终以“劳动者是弱者”作为前提,对劳动者利益的保护要适当,如果保护方式不适当会导致强势的资方会谨慎使用劳动者,反而会造成劳动者的失业,劳动者的利益更加受损。例如,劳动合同期限的规定意图是保护劳方的利益不因短期合同而受到侵害,但是保护的方式较为粗暴,法律规范不够理性,法律应当通过理性的条文来引导和推动劳资关系向立法者所试图达到的目标发展。为了保证劳动者失衡的利益能够及时恢复,应当构建畅通的诉求表达机制。当劳动者的利益受到损害之后,需要有一个能完全表达自己诉求的机制。为了避免劳动者在表达自己利益诉求、救济失衡利益过程中造成的利益二次失衡,应当设置一种低成本的诉求表达机制。救济成本越低、程序越简单就越有利于劳动者诉求利益的表达。我们认为调解程序就符合劳动者的这种要求,让虚置的调解程序能够真正发挥作用,让大量的劳资利益纠纷消弭在这一环节,无疑是是最有利于劳动者的。更多还原

【Abstract】 Interest is the center of all social activities, different groups have different demands for interest. In labor relations, we are in the phase of accumulation of material wealth for the elimination of private ownership, economic development is still our first priority. Because of the country too much emphasis on the economy, employers in the pursuit of profit maximization process does not act against the interests of the employee, under control, the extreme expansion of interests caused by employers, employers often exclusive interests and encroach on employee and employee interests severely damaged, the collective interests imbalance phenomenon.Marx’s alienation theory, surplus value theory of labor and employment wage theory reveals that labor exploitation by employers, with a capital of capitalist domination laborer. Both the degree of employee and employer demand for capital is different. Laborers can’t live without capital, there is no life source, and capitalists have profits as well as rents and other revenue. Even in the absence of labor, the loss of capitalists is just economic benefits that will not jeopardize the survival. In addition, labor supply and demand imbalance and other factors have led to the unequal status of both employers and employees, employers encroach on the interests of the employees, the interests of both employers and employees imbalance.In this paper, according to ask questions, and to analyze problems and problem-solving ideas unfold. Through the empirical study of data and cases, it is pointed out that labor interests from decision-making to the rights and interests’ relief is imbalance. Monopoly within the enterprise, management decision-making, and in the articles of association of the enterprise, the distribution of the profits, labor discipline and labor management occupies the dominant position. Labor in involves the vital interests in matters such as labor remuneration, working hours is hard to enjoy decision-making power, let alone Shared with the management enterprise. In primary distribution areas, the management and the workers not only failed to share the surplus profits, they create even the most basic survival wages by occupation. To meet the needs of employment’s interests, the employer can be out of economic considerations, and can also according to personal preferences to select laborers, the biggest meet the needs of their own interests. While most workers are often not based on their treatment standards, labor conditions and preferences to choose satisfactory labor units, to realize their own interest demands. From the perspective of the lifting of labor relations in the management in order to drain the laborers, accustomed to the excess use of the "golden age" of laborers, after the fall in the value of the labor force, laborers will be abandoned. The management seems to always can find a reasonable excuse to terminate the labor relationship with the employee. Workers’ interests is unbalanced with the management in the process from the "into" to "out". Laborers interests are violated, the laborers of weak power generally need to rely on public power intervene to correct imbalances of interest relationship by being invaded, but their claim of trying to relieve the interests is hard to get satisfaction. Laborers are struggling on the way in seeking public rights relief, their appeal cannot express, in the process of relief for the interests of the imbalance of interest of secondary imbalances, so much that the secondary interest imbalance in process of interest relief.For a long time, wrong ideas of "capital-oriented" are existed in our country. Governments has a positive attitude on investment, while negative attitude on protecting the interests of labors. Governments are attention to the introduction of capital, but ignore the management of non-public enterprises. In order to cater to corporate’s purposes of profits maximize, they sacrifice the interests of laborers. Under the guidance of this idea, the labor enthusiasm frustrate, labor efficiency is low, in the long run, this will not conducive to economic growth. Since labor is the source of social wealth, labor create value, the interests of laborers should be given the greatest attention. "Labor-oriented" guiding ideology should be established, protect the interests of laborers, so laborers living easy and develop easy. "Zero-sum game" in labor relations is also a wrong idea, laborers and capitalists are interest community, it increase laborers’ interests that can improve labor efficiency, stimulate consumption, thereby increasing the interest of capitalists.Marx’s exploitation theory reveals that of the workers are exploited by management. The status of laborers and capitalist inequality, and labor supply and demand imbalance, the government’s preference factors has exacerbated the imbalance in the interests of both sides of labor and capital. The interests of employers and workers cannot be equally protected by the law, and workers need legal protection to tilt. Strong inhibitory action is legal task, inclined to protect the interests of the workers is also a kind of inevitable, this, no doubt. We need to clear an idea that the law is not deprived of strong group’s interest. The interests of the enterprise and the laborers has consistency, protect workers is to protect the enterprise, to protect enterprise is to protect the laborer. If an enterprise losses, and even bankruptcy, laborers will lack sources of survival. So "tilt protect workers" can’t be formulated as the aim of the labor laws in our country, it is only legal means adjusted by tilting protection to restore laborers’ interests which occupied by employers. Achieve the purpose of the collective interests balance, the law shall be based on collective interests balance as tenet.The capital itself does not add value, will only occur in the form of value transformation, and truly create value is the labor of laborers. Since labor is so important in the process of combination of labor and capital, workers in a certain sense can also be seen as investors. Employers (known as the investor) invested capital to get the investment profit, while laborers invested labor to obtain investment profit. Employers and employees are corporate investors; they should participate in corporate decision-making, only common decision can realize the equal status of both sides of labor and capital. Although our country’s law has been calling for protection of laborers, but law makers always assume that a decision is the management right of independent operators which cannot be shared, and therefore our law does not give workers rights of specification decisions. In order to prevent "free-rider" psychological, it is need to protect the economic interests of the participation in decision-making laborers. At the same time to prevent workers from employer retaliation. In form, laborers can be enjoyed by trade unions, collective bargaining, equity and join the directors and the board of supervisors exercise the decision-making power.Corporate profits are created by laborers, laborers’ wage is only a tiny part of profits that created by laborers. But the sight of our law will be limited to the protection of labor remuneration rights, indeed, protect the right of labor remuneration can to ease reward employers encroachment on laborers’interests, but it is not sufficient remuneration balance of interests between employers and employees. Only allow laborers to share the profits that they create can realize balance of interests. Law can formulate three ways which including income funds, cash and equity are to realize labor share of profits.From the perspective of the distribution of wealth, if the total value is certain, wage and employers profit is inversely proportional to, the wages less, profits employers obtained higher. Employers will try to drive down the wages of workers has reached the purpose of profit maximization. If the remuneration cannot meet the needs of more than three terms, then it cannot guarantee the maintenance and continuation of labor commodity, and it does not conform to modern requirements for human rights. The law should provide for a living wage with fair and reasonable limits. Living wage for power in the government, due to the preference of the government interests in the capital, so the minimum wage laws and regulations may not be conducive to laborers. Only increase the transparency of the legislative acts of the government would prefer to minimize such preference interest.Right of laborers above the survival line are agreed by the labor contract, that is to say, from the generation of labor relations to remove all negotiated by both sides of labor and capital, but the essence of inequality in labor status caused inequality interests of employers and employees in the process from "In" to "out". Work is the source of life of laborers, in the interests of imbalance in the labor relations made laborers worth a drop down again, interest in labor relations quit imbalance makes employers do not want to withdraw from the labor force was dismissed without a source of livelihood. Provisions of the labor contract law term labor contract, the provisions of resignation and dismissal rights and the right to non-compete provisions are not conducive to the employment of workers, employment and employment, the employer still has greater power. Set up "constructive dismissal" system in the labor contract law, prevent the behavior of laborers’ resignation forced by management who does not want to burden the economic compensation. So it can increase the cost of the management of the fire. Labor contract law should always take the "laborers is weak" as a precondition, unduly protection will lead to workers hired cautiously by employers; it will result in unemployment of workers, laborers interests more damage. For example, the provisions of the labor contract term intent to protect the interests of the laborers that do not be compromised because of short-term contracts, but the way of protection are brutal, regulations are not rational. The law should guide labor relations and promote the legislators develop to the aim which the law trying to achieve through the provisions of rational.When the interests of laborers are compromised, laborers need for a mechanism to be able to fully express their aspirations. To avoid laborers’ interests are secondary imbalance in the process of expressing their interest demands, it should set a low-cost expression mechanism. The lower relief cost and the simpler program, the more favorable of laborers ’expression of interests. We believe that the mediation program is in line with this requirement of laborers, so, if the mediation program can really play a role and a large number of labor interest’s disputes eliminate in this link, is undoubtedly is the most beneficial to the laborers.更多还原