【作者】 张丽；

【导师】 陆杰荣；

【作者基本信息】 辽宁大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 将权力作为哲学的时代主题给予比较深入的探讨,既是开显于哲学对人的本性的当代阐释的现实性转变,又彰显着对权力先在性根据的现代性批判的思维转向。哲学面对解读现实权力与其蕴含着根据的合法性问题的沉思,权力哲学的思考路径始终无法完全摆脱权力的形而上追问的理论视域和现实路径。与此同时,权力哲学开启的特定的基本理论境遇逐渐参与着形而上学的理论视域下移,并且以自身的独特方式参与着对现实的人与人的关系的历史说明及其依附关系的现实进展。故此,本文将通过对权力哲学的起源梳理入手,力求在哲学的时域里借助于对特定类型的权力哲学解读,展开对当时代的现实对人的力量自由发展的捆绑与由此形成的人的依附性生存状态的根据性阐释。权力哲学基于深层次的逻辑和历史统一的原则,直面权力与哲学关系缠绕的逻辑环节,揭示权力与哲学在相互规定中制导和演绎,从而在新的历史界面上表现出提取人本身所具有的依附关系和现实境遇,再现人的社会存在方式方面表现出共同旨趣和理论指向上的关联,进而在历史的诸种层次及相关阶段上渐次彰显出权力与哲学在现实境遇和理论困境中的“交织”与“纠缠”复杂关系。其一,在现代哲学视域中,权力得以重新以关照人的本性的哲学方式来探讨,即勾勒人的现实生存状态以及诞生这一生存状态的谱系学逻辑和经验化的历史事实,进而在精神考古学中渐次展开为多重性的哲学内涵,表现出区别于其他权力研究的致思方式和理论特质；其二,在西方哲学的历史考察中,关于权力的哲学作为人探讨自身及其生活于其中的对象世界的依附关系的理论,其原初设定中内在旨趣以及基本规定及其建构原则在哲学对人的本性判断的历史性理解与经验性内涵中得以彰显。其三,面对现实境遇中权力体系的微观化之趋势,西方哲学始终为普遍的抽象的权力追求在相当程度上遮蔽了个体的现实的有限的异质性力量,彰显出个体实践建构社会和推动历史的一体化价值,在权力哲学中通过个体境界表达着微观形而上学的现实要求和可能路径。可以言之,西方哲学尤其是形而上学通过精神思辨的“隐”与“显”的抽象逻辑可以通过对权力问题的“内敛”与“外溢"的“游戏”勾勒哲学内在的逻辑环节和历史演进,而哲学作为权力的根据在一定程度上隐匿并遮蔽着现实权力体系的建构和延展。直面现代社会权力问题及其权力哲学进展的历史境遇和理论困境,权力哲学的思考需要回溯西方哲学的重要发展阶段及其特定阶段上对权力根据的建构逻辑,考察其阶段性基本设定中的权力根据及其与人的现时存在状态的内在关系之不同解读,描绘西方哲学特定阶段对其自身的权力规定的基本特质及其外显的具体哲学形态,可以有限地勾勒出隐匿于关于人与形而上学的关系探讨中的权力的显性图景和潜在规定,进而尝试性描绘权力哲学的历史演进,内在规定,逻辑趋向,多重样态和可能面向。这些重要的历史和理论的节点包括：其一,西方古典哲学对本体-权力的超验塑造,将权力设定为理念世界对现实世界的完全制导,进而在本体论中通过对生存权力、概念权力、精神权力、世俗权力多向度的考察得以渐次展开,经过中世纪对本体-权力的神圣辩护以及世俗性增长,进而形成个体的精神控制和世俗的理性控制的双重权力逻辑,孕育着西方哲学权力思考的全部逻辑和主要样态。其二,近代哲学对理性-权力的建构,奠基于人与对象的主客体对立与意识同一性原则之上,直接显现为对知识的客观有效性与历史的无限合理性的推崇,在康德先验理性结构中得以铸成,进而在黑格尔通过“自我意识”思辨运动向历史与现实进展得以广泛性解说。近代哲学特别是德国哲学的内在精神的合铸与趋向时代精神的现实的精神努力,为权力建构的现实理路的开启积累了新的可能的方向；其三,现代哲学对微观-权力的阐释,面对要求重估一切理性建构的价值标准的广泛努力,有着现实的价值。因为在福柯权力／知识的考古学与谱系学分析中得以彰显出权力网络对人的规训与对主体的生产,以及现代权力显现出的多元化、异质性、网络化等特质,权力得以渐次构成一个现代哲学任务的主要问题之一。在西方哲学重要节点中勾勒权力哲学的历史演进和基本逻辑,通过抽象推演和逻辑思辨的方式“内敛”权力规定,不仅彰显出权力哲学的本体属性和形而上维度,同时权力哲学通过思辨方式进入历史与现实,进而遮蔽现实性和异质性的个体权力,也昭示着权力在微观化进展中得以实现异化的趋势。马克思哲学对西方权力哲学的本质揭示和历史的证明在新的现实的维度上,展现出马克思哲学对现代权力的构成的理解,集中在批判现实权力和现实的人背后的抽象原则基础上,重新确认对人与社会及其历史相互关系的新的理解原则和分析方法,明确权力的现实性、实践性以及属人的本性,从而得以在人的实践基础上给予西方哲学中割裂的权力的理性说明和权力的现实分析新的连接。首先,马克思关注遮蔽权力规定的经济方式及其对人的现实和权力现实的构造过程,在人的力量与生产力的关系中明晰权力的根据性因素和基础性因素的地位；其次,马克思通过在劳动-商品-货币-资本的多重社会实践确认人的本质力量进入社会交往,形成社会权力的过程,从而发现资本与权力媾和的社会权力建构；再次,马克思在从权力结构到权力过程的逻辑进展中,阐释经济、政治、精神与自由等权力多维立体的社会权力网络,以及对人在现实性上社会关系本质的生产；最终,马克思在人的实践发展中理解权力进入社会历史的过程,关注权力结构内在关系的互动路线和深层制约,进而勾连权力实践与人的发展的辩证关联。由此,马克思哲学将权力理解为人的本质力量及其在改造对象的实践过程中所构成的对人自身实现的现实依附要素与影响要素,权力得以表达人在现实性上的社会关系本质。人的本性不再表现为抽象的哲学方法中对抽象的无限推崇或对抽象关系的思辨,而是再现为人的感性活动对现实世界的实践力量及其对象化建构,人类社会与人类历史则彰显为人的力量的对象化产物以及由之引发的变革人的力量实现的影响因素的历史实践,由此勾勒出对马克思哲学尤其是唯物史观的微观阐释与重构延展。马克思权力哲学作为实践智慧彰显出面对当代实践的现实价值。一方面,马克思权力哲学现实性面向与实践性立场,在多元化和个体化的权力实践中表现出权力哲学与个体自由发展的关联,从而彰显出权力哲学作为微观形而上的未来展望。另一方面,马克思权力哲学解读我国权力现实中多重权力文化交织和碰撞,提取权力改革中个体、国家与社会权力关系的界限与规定,反思抽象与现实的权力建构秩序,在哲学改造现实的精神实践中引导社会主义核心价值体系的树立与实践,显现出对我国当下权力改革和精神领域建设真切的实践力量,勾连出马克思哲学对当代我国文化、精神、信仰等形而上领域的深刻思考。更多还原

【Abstract】 Power, as a philosophical theme, traditionally gives a very depth of discussion, which opens to the reality transformation of the modern understanding of human nature, and revealing the thought transformation of the precondition of modernity criticism of power in modern theories of philosophy. Faced with philosophical reflection, it about interpretation of actual power and legitimacy of its foundation, the thinking paths of power philosophy never get out of theory area and actual path of metaphysic thought. The original theory circumstances of philosophy of power, in short, lies in the metaphysical vision and then move itself down to the reality relationship between human being and human being’s historical note and its attaching progress. Facing the historical context of modern society, the mutual guidance and the interpretation of power and philosophy are rooted in the heritage concept of laws. The associations that of the common interests and theoretical direction extended in extraction of human’s analysis relationships, as well as human’s existence in methodology and human social state, both show the "invasion" and "evasion" of power and philosophy of the realistic circumstanc and the theoretical predicament in different history stages. On one hand, power which helps them to re-explore the way of philosophy as to take care of human nature forms its the realistic background of power relations, where multiple philosophical connotatios of spiritual archaeology gradually expanded, thus distinguishes it from other theoretical characteristics and researching on the power-operating mechanism. On the other hand, however, as in the study of western philosophy on a large scale, the philosophy is a exploring theory of the attachment between human beings and the world in which human lives. Hence, the original setting in intrinsic interests, basic rules and principles of construction based on power practice of the duality of world, generate increasingly understanding of its historic experience connotations. What’s more, encountering with the reality of the situation in new microcosmic characteristic of power system, the universal and abstract power-seeking individual shelter, reality, limits, and heterogeneity power in western philosophy, gradually highlight individual practice of the construction of society and further promote the integration of historical value, by which the individual realm expresses micro-metaphysics a even possible path. In a word, western philosophy, especially in metaphysics area, develops through the abstract movement of the speculative spirit between the "hidden" and the "reveal", which is nothing but the power "games" with "restraint" and "spillover". The power "games" are often hidden and obscured through the construction and change of power realistic system.Faced with the historical circumstance and theoretical predicament of actual power and power philosophy in modern society, the study firstly retraces the important stages in the history of the development of western philosophy, and investigates the basic settings of power in different stages where based on different interpretations of the inherent relationships among the existing states of human beings, and finally depicts the specific stages of western philosophy in its basic characteristics of its own authorities and the external appearances of its particular philosophical form. This study can also lead to the outline of the dominant pictures and potential regulations which are hidden in the exploration of the relationship between men and metaphysics. Furthermore, this study attempts to illustrate the historical progression, such as the intrinsic setup, the logical tendency, the multiple states and the potential future of power philosophy, etc. All these important aspects include the following points:first, classical philosophy take the shape of the ontology-power, which assigns power as the tensions caused by the binary oppositions between the metaphysical transcendent pursuit and the ordinary lives in a secular world. In ontology, the understanding of the relationships has been expanded through the intrinsic relationships among the power of the survival, say, the power of concept, the power of spirit, and the power of secularity. This process is accompanied by the sacred defense of the ontology-power and the gradual growth of secular nature within the circle of the power during the medieval. It further develops into the duality of power logic between the spiritual control of an individual and the rational control of secularity of the society, and carries the complete logics and the major states of the thinking of power in the western philosophy. Second, modern philosophy is constructed by the ration-power, while the provision on the philosophy of power is reconstructed from the understanding principle and conceptual methodology of the identical awareness between one and his object. The provision is also perceived as the objective assessment of all things on the basis of the objectivity of knowledge and the reasonable form of abstract. With the comprehensive study of the rationality of knowledge, Kant builds the prior examination on the internal structure of the settings of ration-power. Then Hegel obtains the extensive comprehension of the historical and the current progression in the abstract movement of power through the principle of the abstract investigation on "Ego Consciousness". Third, contemporary philosophy interprets the micro-power, reevaluates all the rational constructions of the standard value of metaphysics, and tries out the productive characteristics of power in the analysis of social power. Until Foucault’s discovery that power and knowledge are technically ruling man and the society, the construction of the philosophy of power can be gradually transformed into the theme of the theoretical problems of modern philosophy. Viewing that, the historical progression and the modern metaphysical understanding of power philosophy both determine the fundamental direction of western philosophy, which defines the "introvert" power through abstract speculation and logical deduction, thereby avoids the reality and heterogeneity of individual power. It not only establishes the body properties and the metaphysical dimensions of power philosophy, but also promotes the micro progress of power. The philosophy of power steps into history and reality through the metaphysical way, showing the speculative relationship in the real power system.Karl Marx’s philosophy extends beyond western power philosophy. It focuses on the criticism of real power and real men behind the basis of abstract principle, and redefines the new understanding principle and forms an analytical method of men, society and the mutual relationship between them. Marx’s philosophy clarifies the reality and the human nature of the power, thereby established the rational explanation of splitting power and the new connection of real analysis of power, which are based on human practice in western philosophy. Marx reveals the western philosophy of power’s shelters for its defined way of economy and its construction of the people’s reality and power’s reality. In the context of people’s power and productivity, Marx clarifies the basic elements of power. In the multiplicity of social practice of labor, commodity and capital, according to Marx, the multiple factors can be founded within the abstract principles of the abstract construction of the power. It also get explicated in the multi-dimensional network of social power within economics, politics, spirits and developments on further alienates of nature of power in the interaction between capital and power. Ultimately in human’s practical development, the dialectical process of the evolvement of power pours into social history. Marx focuses on the interaction of power and deeper ways of restraint in the multi-layers in the internal power, concerning the historical practice of power and the understanding of the restraint and the meaning of the perfection and development between man and the practice of power. As a result, Marx’s philosophy comprehends power as the key construction factors with its dependency on the self-actualization between people’s intrinsic power and its objectivity in the practice. The power can express the status of people’s social existence and the dependent relationships between people and others. People’s nature is not shown as the unlimited worship as in the abstract or the speculation in the philosophical context of abstract, but as the construction of the real world in the emotional activities among living people. Human society and history are shown in the intrinsic relationship of human power and the reconstruction of people’s power activities caused by itself. As the practice of power from people’s self actualization, these understandings regarding the definition of power in Marx’s philosophy could depict Marx philosophy’s reconstruction and the development of power philosophy.Marx’s philosophy of power is treated as the practical wisdom to reveal the real value of modern practice. On one hand, Marx’s philosophy of power illustrates the future outlook of power philosophy. Marx’s philosophy faces the reality, extracts the new trends in the power network, and remodels the practice which involved in the pluralism and individualism of power control, thereby demonstrates the future direction of the micro-metaphysical power and the imagination of the relationship between the power philosophy and the freedom of individual development. On the other hand, Marxist philosophy of power reveals the actual practical power in the power reform and the construction spirits of the current system of our country. The appliance of Marx’s philosophy of power can elucidate the interaction and the collision of the multiple power culture in the reality of power within our country. It can also extract the mutual rules, boundaries and limitations between individuals and countries, and the context of social power relationships during power reform. It can enable the consideration of the constructive order of both the abstract and real power. In philosophy’s transformation of real spiritual practice, new values can be established and practiced, and maybe Marx’s philosophy’s deep influences in the culture, spirit, religion and other metaphysical aspects of our country can be linked and seriously assessed.更多还原