【作者】 陈为忠；

【导师】 吴松弟；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 历史地理学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 学界前辈曾“寄希望于上海史与江南史的联动,开出区域史研究的新局面”。作者认同近代时期上海江南发展一体论的观点,但也认为开出新局面不仅需要区域联动,也需要新的理论视角,来揭示经济和空间增长的机理。论文研究表明近代的商埠区、产棉区、产丝区城市在地方生产网络与全球网络、地方根植性与非地方根植性、大宗生产与柔性生产方式交织下,已经形成新的具有地区生产专业化性质的工业空间——产业区。上海产业区在1895年之前局限于商埠区、产丝区：1895年之后随着棉纺织工业投资高潮的来临,又蔓延到棉产区；1920年代中期以后产业进入调整期,空间扩张止步。总之,该区域核心区已经由明清时期“七郡一州”的江南,进一步外延到通海平原、宁绍平原地区。论文对近代商埠区、产丝区、产棉区城市产业转型和地域分工的研究显示：1843年开埠以后,上海逐渐成为区域发展的增长极,通过集聚与扩散效应,不仅实现自身经济增长,而且也支配着周边产丝区、产棉区城市的产业转型。近代上海及其周边城镇的产业转型主要发生在棉纺织业、缫丝与丝织业、面粉业、烟草业、碾米业、造船业和机器制造业等领域。机器生产在面粉业、卷烟业、碾米业、新式造船、化工与制药等行业的普及较为顺利。大规模机器生产在上述领域的普及预示着转型的成功。相对而言,缫丝与丝织业、棉纺织业是地区传统优势主导产业,攸关国计民生,面临诸多利益纠葛,转型过程较为曲折、复杂。机器纺纱和机器缫丝优势明显,到清末民初,缫丝业和棉纺业基本实现大规模的机器生产,但丝织业和棉织业转型更为复杂。民国初年江南丝织行业开始引进普及龙头手拉机,一战期间上海、杭州、苏州等城市的丝织厂又引进电力织机,手拉机迅速向电力织机过渡；1920年代中期以后,电力织机开始普及,到抗战前夕电力织机数量已经超过手拉机。棉织业转型明显要慢于丝织业。棉纺行业在19世纪末20世纪初开始引进手拉机,但直到1925年前后才基本普及；铁木机在20世纪初就已引进,但直到1920年代才开始为布厂大规模使用。上海、无锡、常州等城市织布厂普及率较高,甚至开始改用电力铁轮机。通海、常熟等土布中心的手工生产也开始普及铁木机,但是仍处在分散的手工副业状态,转型不够彻底。总之,抗战前夕江南城市的缫丝与丝织业、棉纺织业领域机器大工业对手工业生产的优势已经非常突出,转型几近成功,但为日本侵华战争爆发后的统制经济和内战环境所打断。论文研究显示由于都市工业的发展,区域城镇体系和经济格局也发生了颠覆性的变化。上海为该区域最大的综合性工商业中心、金融中心,宁波、苏州、镇江、杭州为次金融中心和次贸易中心。上海、无锡、常州、南通为棉纺织工业城市,上海、杭州、苏州、湖州为缫丝与丝织工业城市。此外,都市工业主要在县城以上的城市区位、集聚,从而弱化了传统时期的丝、棉、粮商业集散中心与手工业中心市镇在区域经济中的作用,也改变了原有的市镇发展格局。区域产业的分工与合作从根本上改变了城市与城市之间的联系机制。原有的苏州、杭州两个中控型城市体系转变为以上海为中心的聚合型城镇体系,逐渐出现上海为中心、周边城市为外围的核心——边缘的圈层结构,使得长江三角洲都市连绵区规模初具。该都市连绵区存在一个经济地理横轴和两个成长三角：横轴为上海—苏州—无锡—常州—镇江,南翼三角为上海、杭州、宁波,北翼三角为上海、镇江、南通。从产业转型和经济增长的机制看,近代时期该区域经济增长的实质是在地方性网络与全球性网络的对接后,国际市场竞争迫使该区域主导产业摒弃落后的生产工具、生产工艺转向机器大工业,从而实现劳动生产率的提高,引致区域工业产值和经济总量发生几何级数的增长。区域经济增长是在各具比较优势的商埠区、产棉区、产丝区三区联动的机制下实现的。更多还原

【Abstract】 The author agrees the view of a predecessor of Jiangnan economic history that a breakthrough of regional history depends on interaction between Shanghai and Jiangnan, and also thinks that the breakthrough of this field not only needs vision, but also needs a theoretical framework to study economic growth and economic space of the region. We hold the opinion that there was a new special industry space——Shanghai industrial districts(上海产业区)——including the region of trading port(商埠区),the region of cotton production(产棉区)and the region of silk production(产丝区)The spatial dimension of Shanghai industrial district only included the region of trading port and the region of silk production before 1895, extended to the region of cotton production, and stopped expanding in the middle of 1920’s. In short, the core-zone of the region had already enlarged to Tonghai plain and Ningshao plain beyond traditional Jiangnan region.We analyze industrial transformation and areal division of the cities in the region of trading port, the region of cotton production and the region of silk production in modern time. The details are as follows.Shanghai had become a growth pole of the industrial district, through agglomeration and diffusion effect, not only procured economic growth of itself, but also dominated industrial transformation of the periphery cities since 1843. The industrial transformation of Shanghai industrial district in modern time happened in the flour processing industry, the cigarette industry, the rice milling industry, the shipbuilding industry, the machine manufacturing industry, the cotton textile industry, the silk reeling and weaving industry. Machine production was quickly universal in most of industries except the cotton textile industry and silk reeling and weaving industry. The latter industries were crucial to the region. Process of transformation of the latter wasn’t accomplished in one move. Productivity of spinning and reeling machine was much higher than that of the manual production, so the large-scale machine production was universal in the late Qing Dynasty and the early of the Republic of China. Transformation process of the cotton textile industry and silk weaving industry was slower. In the early of the Republic of China, The leading hand machine(龙头手拉机)was introduced by some silk weaving firms, and widely accepted. During World War I, the power loom(电力织机)was introduced by some manufacturers of Shanghai, Hangzhou, Suzhou, became prevailing in the middle of 1920s. The quantity of the power loom was over the one of the leading hand machine on the eve of the anti-Japan war(抗战前夕)The transformation of the cotton weaving industry was the slowest. The industry firstly introduced the hand machine(手拉机)in the late Qing Dynasty and the early of the Republic of China, widely used in 1925 or so. The iron turbine machine(铁轮机)was introduced in the early of 1900s, but used widely from the beginning of 1925. The cotton weaving firms of Shanghai, Wuxi, Changzhou more widely used than the others, even used power iron turbine machine(电力铁轮机)The handmade cloth(土布)centers such as Nantong, Changshu began to use the iron turbine machine, but still in the state of decentralized production. In a word, machine production in large-scale of the cotton textile industry and silk reeling and weaving industry gained greatly competitiveness to handmade production in the cities of Jiangnan on the eve of the World War II. The transformation was almost successful, but hindered by Japanese invasion and the subsequent controlled economy policy.Development of the urban industry had fundamentally changed urban system and economic structure of Shanghai industrial district. Shanghai became a major comprehensive center of trade, finance and industry. Ningbo, Suzhou, Zhenjiang, Hangzhou were secondary centres of trade and finance. Shanghai, Wuxi, Changzhou, Nantong were the cities with a developed cotton textile industry. Shanghai, Hangzhou, Suzhou, Huzhou had a developed silk reeling and weaving industry. Wuxi had a developed silk reeling industry. Because of the fact that most of modern industries were located in cities, the towns as a distribution hub of the silk, cotton, rice and handicraft industry lost their former glory. Industry division and cooperation fundamentally change the relationship of the cities. Suzhou, Hangzhou, the two urban systems of Centrality(中控型)were united into one, Shanghai urban system of Concentration(聚合型)A core-periphery structure between the Shanghai and the peripheral cities came into being. It was an embryonic form of the Yangtze River Delta Megalopolis (都市连绵区)There were an axis of economic geography (经济地理横轴),that is, Shanghai-Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou-Zhenjiang. There were two growth triangles (成长三角).The north one was Shanghai-Zhenjiang-Nantong. The south one was Shanghai-Hangzhou-Ningbo.Industry transformation and economic growth of the industrial district was the outcome of international competition, which forced the Leading industries of the region to abandon the backward technology, and adopted modern mechanization, and finally led to exponential growth of output of industry and economy. The three regions took advantage of their comparative advantage to realize economic growth. And economic growth was the result of interaction of region of trading port, region of cotton production and region of silk production.更多还原