【作者】 朱晓凯；

【导师】 卞利；

【作者基本信息】 安徽大学 ， 中国史， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 晚清是中国新闻业发展的初始时期,源于西方新闻理念的近代大众传媒作为公共文化系统的基本载体之一,通过不断尝试在公共领域制造共识,开始逐渐意识到自身所要扮演的舆论领导者的角色。不过从大众传播所具有的独特属性来看,要想真正成为舆论的领导者,大众传媒还必须进行一系列有影响力的重点报道。这是因为重点报道不仅涉及到新闻事件本身所具有的时间跨度、发展深度和地域广度,而且还涉及到新闻事件能否成为一个好的、适合大众传播的话题,并且这一话题还能够引起公众长时间的热烈讨论。因此研究中国早期新闻业的发展状况,就不能不研究近代大众传媒所策划、组织和展开的那些极具影响力的重点报道。中法战争(1883-1885)持续时间长达3年,超过了清廷以往所进行的任何一场对外战争；整个作战区域极为辽阔,涵盖越南北圻、福建马江、台湾、澎湖和浙江镇海等多个战场；并且在战争进行过程中,中法两国打打谈谈、边打边谈,错综复杂的矛盾使得战争走向呈现出和、战交织的特殊状态,这种状况在清廷以往进行的对外战争中也是从未有过的。因此这场战争不仅是当时全社会关注的一个焦点新闻,而且对近代中国的历史发展也产生了深远影响,从这个意义上说,中法战争的确就是一个好的、适合大众传播的话题,中法战争的爆发既为大众传媒提供了数量庞大、内容丰富的新闻素材,也为大众传媒进行有影响力的重点报道创造了千载难逢的机会。《申报》自19世纪70年代初期创办之后,由于坚定地推行本土化路线,很快便发展成为近代中国大众传媒的翘楚。从中法战争前后《申报》对议程的设置、对信息的选择、对报道时机的把握以及对重要军政人物媒体形象的塑造等,进而营造出公众话题,并力图引导舆论走向的清晰脉络来看,《申报》对这场战争所做的报道显然是经过了精心谋划和部署,甚至还有可能是举全报馆之力而为之。这期间见诸《申报》报端的不仅有来源广泛的动态消息、连续报道,而且还有观点犀利的时事评论。此外,为让公众能够更加准确、客观地了解战事,《申报》还大量摘译西字报消息,尽力提供新闻的背景资料。在当时完全商业化且又具有一定影响力的华文新报中,《申报》对于中法战争的报道无论是在深度上还是在广度上,都当仁不让地拔得了头筹,《申报》也因此销量骤增,社会影响力显著提升。需要指出的是,《申报》有关中法战争的报道还拉近了它与官场之间的距离,当那些与官场主流意识形态相符合的战事报道频频见诸报端后,原本居高临下的官场也开始对报纸的态度由冷眼不屑转为重视利用,这种变化让以《申报》为代表的大众传媒俨然看到“言虽出自民间,意可达于君上”的办报理想有了实现的可能。然而《申报》并不止于此,得益于近代以来新传播技术的迅速发展,中法战争期间,《申报》还力图在新闻采编的业务层面进行突破性的变革,这种突破性变革涉及到从抽象的新闻理念到具体的新闻操作等一系列内容。战争期间《申报》旨在建立与完善近代中国大众传媒新闻规范的诸多创新之举,从更深层次凸显出报纸的内在功能,因而也有助于人们进一步认识近代中国大众传媒在新闻采编过程中的操作方式与报道规律。本文对《申报》初创时期的办报情况进行了概述,认为《申报》等近代中国大众传媒的出现,不仅满足了公众对于新闻资讯的迫切需求,而且也为他们量身打造了一个值得期待的公共话语空间。至于那些初步接受了西方传媒基本理念的早期报人,则无不希望能借助《申报》等近代报刊以实现“文人论政”的理想,从而完成由传统儒家士大夫向近代知识分子的转型。本文对早期《申报》有关“台湾生番事件”、清军平定新疆阿古柏叛乱以及武力介入朝鲜“壬午兵变”这三场战争的新闻报道进行了梳理和分析,指出从传播史角度看,近代新闻业的快速发展与传播方式的重大变革往往都得益于战争的推动,以《申报》为代表的近代中国大众传媒也概莫能外。早期《申报》对这几场战争的报道,既显现出它有意识地制造报刊舆论并期望能以此影响清廷决策的意向,也反映出它为迅速传递战事信息而在采访报道上勇于创新的姿态。本文围绕《申报》与中法战争的研究,正是基于上述背景而展开。本文首先对中法战争的两个重要参与方——法国与越南,基于《申报》国际视域下的国家形象定位进行了论述,认为《申报》的相关报道让公众对法越两国的基本概况以及中越传统的宗藩关系有了比较清晰的了解,而这些报道也为其后《申报》有关中法战事的报道奠定了基调、预设了前提。本文重点在分析中法战争期间的《申报》舆论以及这些舆论所产生的社会影响。这些舆论包括：战前《申报》对法国侵越目的的推测、对法越两国国家实力的比较以及对中国应采取立场的建言等；战争期间《申报》对战与和的态度、对清军与法军的不同评价以及对国际公法的看法等；战后《申报》从加强国防建设、推进洋务运动以及重视“保藩固边”等方面对战争经验教训所做的总结。从《申报》为报道中法战争而设置的诸多议程来看,其报道目的就是为了能够激起朝野上下对这场战争的浓厚兴趣,就是为了能够使公众从不同层面来对与这场战争相关的话题进行描述、解读和争论。对于《申报》来说,这既是它作为大众传媒的职责与本分所在,也是它打开报业市场、扩大社会影响的不二法门。本文还关注到了中法战争期间《申报》的舆论特色,尤其是其对刘永福、刘铭传、张佩纶和李鸿章等中法战争期间重要军政人物媒体形象的成功塑造,表明随着近代中国大众传媒的创办与发展,越来越多的新闻人物开始被置于报刊舆论聚焦的中心,而报刊舆论的这种聚焦在日益成为大众传媒一项重要报道内容的同时,也为拓展中国近代史的研究留下了生动形象的注脚。中法战争期间,《申报》在设定报道基调、丰富采编手段等新闻操作层面,展现出了不少独树一帜、高人一筹的鲜明特点。比如,《申报》始终秉持反对法国侵略的立场,力图通过对这场战争进行客观、公正和全面的报道,来维护中国的国家主权与民族尊严。这种爱国主义报道基调的设定和凸显,在聚拢与遥控读者、扩大报纸社会影响的同时,也加速和推动了《申报》本土化的进程。战争期间,《申报》还对“有闻必录”这一“新闻体裁”进行了修正,并力图将其转化为寻找事实真相的一种重要手段,这就在一定程度上改变了以往报人将“有闻必录”作为对所刊新闻不负责任的遁词与借口的通例。此外,本文还对战争期间《申报》的重要报道进行了抽样统计,借此对《申报》访事人的地理位置分布和活跃度、新闻报道的信息源分类等进行了量化研究,并对其在战争期间创办中国首份新闻画报《点石斋画报》及频频发行号外等报业经营现象进行了分析,指出《申报》在强化其发布新闻、提供观点等媒体功能的同时,又积极在品牌延伸上做文章,通过主导品牌与延伸品牌的相互补充,《申报》有效地扩大了新闻覆盖的范围,从而为进一步掌握报刊舆论的主动权创造了条件。总之,访事人的日见职业化、信息源的日渐丰富以及品牌延伸的日趋主动等都表明,中法战争对近代中国新闻专业主义的萌生和发展起到了积极的助推作用。本文认为,在面对诸如中法战争这样重大的新闻事件时,以《申报》为代表的近代中国大众传媒总是试图通过精准设置议程,来回应社会的议论与期待,总是试图通过发表各类报道和评论,来影响公众头脑中“关于世界的图像”；总是试图通过对热点舆论的聚焦,来增加与受众的粘性,并最终致力于推动大众传媒成为传统权力系统之外的另一种公权力。《申报》的战事报道最终使得以往那些或许还与其有着疏离感的清廷官员、清军将领和乡绅士子们,开始自觉地聚拢在了它的周围,而《申报》的社会影响力也因此迅速攀升。以《申报》为代表的近代中国大众传媒这种持久不懈的努力,一方面源于商业化报纸的内生动力,另一方面也是爱国主义情感的外在流露。不过本文也认为,虽然《申报》基于强烈的民族主义立场,从尚处于萌芽阶段的新闻专业主义出发,对西字报有关中法战争的报道表达出不满、甚至是指责,但从当时在报刊舆论中所处位置的重要性来看,《申报》等近代中国大众传媒与西字报之间的差距还较为明显,西字报的作用仍是众多华文新报所难以取代的。然而尽管受到主客观条件的多重制约,但毫无疑问,以《申报》为代表的近代中国大众传媒期待扮演舆论领导者角色的努力和尝试,对中国新闻业今后的发展则始终具有强烈的正向价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 The late Qing Dynasty is the initial period of Chinese journalism development. Originated from the western concept of the news, as one of the basic carrier of public cultural system, through continuous attempt to build consensus in the public sphere, modern mass media began to gradually realize its role of opinion leaders. However, with unique attributes from the mass communication, to truly become opinion leaders, mass media must also include a series of Influential key reports. This is because the key reports not only relates to the news event itself with the time span, the depth and breadth of the development of the region, but also relates to whether the news event can be a good and suitable topic for mass communication. Besides, this one topic should be fully discussed in the public. Therefore, to study the development status of early Chinese journalism, we must study the planning, organization, and deployment of modern mass media and its key reports.The Sino-French War (1883-1885) lasted 3 years, which was longer than any foreign war Qing government had previously taken; the whole combat region was extremely vast, covering battlefields including Vietnam Tokin, Fujian Majiang, Taiwan Penghu, Zhejiang Zhenhai, etc.; also, in the process of the war with France, two sides negotiated from time to time, making the contradiction more complicated, and making the war interweaved with peace, which was a status so special that had never happened before in the foreign war history in Qing Dynasty. Therefore, this war is not only one of the focus of attention of the whole society news at that time, but also had a profound influence on the historical development of modern China. In this sense, the Sino-French War was indeed a good, suitable topic for mass communication. The outbreak of the Sino-French War not only provided mass media with huge-numbered, rich-contented news materials, but also created a golden opportunity for the key reports in mass media.Since the foundation in 1970s, Shen Bao (中文名《申报》) had soon become the leader of the mass media in modern China. Due to its implementation of localization method, Shen Bao’s key report of the war was after careful planning and deployment, and was even with the efforts of the whole newspaper staff. During this period, in Shen Bao, there were not only dynamic news with extensive source and continuous reports, but also the viewpoint of sharp comments on current events. In addition, in order to let the public know the war more accurately and objectively, Shen Bao also provided a large number of digested news from Western newspapers, trying the best to provide background information in the news. Among all the fully-commercialized and influencing Chinese newspapers’reports, Shen Bad s battle reports for the Sino-French War certainly got ahead of the pack, both in depth and in breadth. Therefore, Shen Bao’s sales increased rapidly, and its’social influence has been improved obviously, which made its role of leader position increasingly clear. We need to point out that Shen Bao’s reports about the Sino-French War also made its relationship between official circles closer. Since it reported war-related news in correspondent with official mainstream ideology more and more often, the previously arrogant official circles started to turn its attitude to media from indifference to concern. The change let Shen Bao and other mass media see the possibility of the realization of the ideal "Although the voice comes from the people, the authority will still listen and respect it".Shen Bao did not stop with this. Thanks to the rapid development of new communication technology in modern times, during the Sino-French War, Shen Bao tried to make breakthroughs from the abstract concept of the news to the specific news operations, etc. During the war, Shen Bao aimed to establish and improve innovations of modern Chinese mass media news standard, and to emphasize internal functions of the newspaper from a deeper level, thus to help people further understand the operation and report rules in news editing process of modern China.This article summarizes the early days of Shen Bao since its foundation; organized and analyzed several battle news reports of Shen Bao; pointed out that from the communication history’s point of view, major changes in the rapid development of modern journalism and communication methods often benefited by wars. It is true for modern Chinese mass media, including Shen Bao.The article summarizes the situation not long after ShenBaowas founded. We think that the appearance of modern Chinese mass media, including Shen Bao, not only met the needs of people for news and information, but also created a expected topic suitable for people. As for the early newspaper people who has initiatively accepted Western media ideas, they all wished to complete the transition from traditional Confucius scholars to modern intellectuals through the realization of the ideal "politics are made by intellectuals" by modern magazines and newspapers including Shen Bao. This article summarizes and analyzes the early reports of Shen Bao about three wars:"Taiwan Shengfan Incident", Qing army’s pacification of Xinjiang Agubo Rebellion, and armed interference into North Korea’s "Renwu Mutiny". We point out that such reports shows that Shen Baowas intended to create public discussions and in this way to affect Qing government’s decisions. They also shows that ShenBaohas the attitude of creativeness on the fast transmission of war information.With this background, we study Shen Bao and the Sino-French war. This article firstly discusses the national images of France and Vietnam, the two important participants in the Sino-French War, based on the international vision of Shen Bao. We think that related reports in Shen Bao gave the public a deeper understanding of the basic situation of France and Vietnam, as well as the relationship between China and other East Asian countries. At the same time, these reports also settled the basic tune and made the groundwork for the subsequent Sino-French War reports in Shen Bao. This article focuses on the analysis of the public opinions of Shen Bao on Sino-French War during that period, and how these public opinions generated social influence. These public opinions included:Before the war:Shen Bad s conjecture on the objective of France invading Vietnam, its comparison on the national power of France and Vietnam, and its advice on which position China should take; During the war:Shen Bad s attitude on war and peace, its different evaluations of Qing’s army and French army, and its view on the public international law; After the war, Shen Bad s summary on the experience of the war, including the strengthening of national defense construction, the promotion of the Westernization Movement, and the importance of "protecting dependent countries and strengthen the border defence", etc. According to the agenda setting for the reporting of the Sino-French War, the aim of Shen Bao is to address across the country the interest in the war to enable the public to describe, interpret, and debate topics of the war from different aspects. For Shen Bao, it is not only the responsibility and duty of the mass media, but also the only way to opening the newspaper market and to expanding the social impact.This article is also concerned about characteristics of public opinion of Shen Bao during the Sino-French War. According to Shen Bad s shaping on Yongfu Liu, Mingchuan Liu, Peilun Zhang, Hongzhang Li, and other important military or political figures during the Sino-French War, with the initiation and development of modern Chinese mass media, more and more people in the news had become the focus of public. This focus of newspaper, while being an increasingly important mass media center, also left a vivid footnote to expand the study of the modern history of China.During the Sino-French War, Shen Bao showed distinctive features superior to others in tones of settings and means of editing, which shows Shen Bao’s process of pursuing authenticity, objectivity and comprehensiveness. For example, Shen Bao insisted on the standpoint of fighting against French invasion. It tried to protect Chinese national sovereignty, by means of reporting the war objectively, impartially, and comprehensively. This patriotic tones of report setting and emphasizing, besides gathering and controlling readers and expanding the newspaper’s social influence, also accelerated and improved the localization process of Shen Bao. During the war, Shen Bao revised the "news type", "as long as there is a news, we record it", and tried to transform it into a means of finding the truth. To some extent, it changed the journalistic convention of making "as long as there is a news, we record it" an excuse of irresponsibility.In addition, this article makes a sampling statistic analysis on Shen Bad s important reports during the Sino-French War, and through which the article makes a quantitive analysis on journalists’geographical locations and the activity levels, categorization of the resources of news reports, and the creative types of news. We also analyzes some operating phenomena that Shen Bao released the first illustrated newspaper in China, Dian Shi Zhai Illustrated Newspaper, and other extra newspapers during the war. We point out that Shen Bao not only strengthen the media function of reporting news and providing opinions, but also tried to expand the brand functions and reputation actively. Through the complement of the main brand and extra brands, Shen Bao expanded the area it covered effectively, so that it created conditions to further control the initiative of media opinions. In a word, journalists’growing profession, information resources’growing variety, and news types’growing flexibility all show that the Sino-French War has positive influence on the professionalism of modern Chinese media.The article think that in the face of such major news events such as the Sino-French War, modern Chinese mass media, including Shen Bao, always tried to respond to the discussions and expectations of officers, scholars, and the public about the image of war by setting the agenda accurately; they tried to influence "the image of world" in the mind of the public by making various reports and comments; they tried to increase the viscosity of the audience by focusing on public opinion, in order to promote the mass media to become another power outside of the traditional power system. Shen Bad s war report eventually made itself to be gathered around by those Qing court officials, Qing army generals, and gentry intellectuals who had used to have a sense of alienation. The social influence of Shen Bao was rising rapidly. Modern Chinese mass media made such indefatigable efforts and attempts, due to the inner requirements of commercial newspaper, and the outpouring of nationalist sentiment.The article also believe that although based on strong nationalistic standpoint, from the news professionalistic point of view that was still in an initiative stage, Shen Bao showed dissatisfaction with, or even criticism towards western reports about the Sino-French war. But from the importance of where media locates in public discussion, Shen Bao and other public media showed apparent disparage between western newspapers. The position where western newspapers stand is indispensable among so many Chinese newspaper. However, although subjected to multiple constraints of subjective and objective conditions, without a doubt, modern Chinese mass media, including Shen Bao, made efforts and attempted to play the role of opinion leaders, which always have a strong positive influence on the development of Chinese journalism.更多还原