【作者】 弓成；

【导师】 赵廷宁；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 工程绿化， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 高等级公路的建设在促进区域经济发展的同时,导致了公路沿线及周边自然景观的失调。因此,高等级公路路体绿化引起了各方面的关注,并且从生态、景观、安全等方面提出了更高要求。然而,目前关于高等级公路路体绿化的相关理论停留于单一方面,没有形成完整的理论体系。因此,开展高等级公路路体绿化评价研究,即系统提出关于高等级公路路体绿化的评价指标体系和评价方法,可为我国高等级公路路体绿化的建设发展提供理论依据和技术支撑。本研究运用层次分析法、主成分分析法等,从植物物种、植物配置、景观特征和整体效果四个方面分别构建了评价指标体系和评价方法,并选取华北平原区的京石高速北京段、京石高速河北段、石安高速和廊涿高速进行了实例评价。主要研究结果如下：(1)从生态适应性、生物学特性和综合效益3个方面构建了高等级公路路体绿化植物物种的评价指标体系。生态适应性包含耐寒性、耐旱性、耐贫瘠和耐光照4个评价指标；生物学特性包含根系固土能力、抗病虫能力和抗污染能力3个评价指标；综合效益包含观赏性、安全性、经济性和生态效益4个评价指标。以此对华北平原区高等级公路路体绿化常见的71种植物进行了评价与排序,总体表现为乔木>藤本>灌木>草本；同时,对京石高速河北段中央分隔带的绿化植物做了实例分析。(2)从植物配置结构、植物配置活力和植物配置功效3个方面构建了高等级公路路体绿化植物配置的评价指标体系。植物配置结构包含物种多样性、生活型构成、种间效应和种间联结性4个评价指标；植物配置活力包含植被覆盖度、植被存活状况、植被生长状况和植被健康状况4个评价指标；植物配置功效包含生态功效、安全功效和景观功效3个评价指标。以此对华北平原区高等级公路路体绿化常见的13种植物配置模式进行了评价与排序,总体表现为：Ⅰ级的有侧柏型(Platycladus orientalis)、毛白杨+侧柏型(Populus tomentosa +Platycladus orientalis)、扶芳藤型(Euonymus fortunei)、紫穗槐+野牛草型(Amorpha fruticosa+Buchloe dactyloides)、爬山虎型(Parthenocisus tricuspidata)和天堂草+紫羊茅+小冠花型(Cynodon dactylon C.transadlensis’Tifdwarf’ +Festuca rubra +Coronilla varia),占植物配置模式总数的46.15%；Ⅱ级的有毛白杨型、黄刺玫型(Rosa xanthina)、桧柏+紫薇型(Sabina chinensis +Lagerstroemia indica)型和桧柏+紫叶李型(Sabina chinensis +Prunus cerasifera),占植物配置模式总数的30.77%；Ⅲ级的有桧柏+丰花月季型(Sabina chinensis +Rosa hybrida)、桧柏+紫荆型(Sabina chinensis +Cercis chinensis)和桧柏+木槿型(Sabina chinensis +Hibiscus syriacus),占植物配置模式总数的23.08%。(3)以景观单元为评价对象,从景观特征、景观质量、视觉效果和植被环境4个方面构建了高等级公路路体绿化景观特征的评价指标体系。景观特征包含空间格局、协调性和其特性3个评价指标；景观质量包含完整性、安全性、敏感性和社会人文4个评价指标；视觉效果包含色彩、多样性和视觉吸引力3个评价指标；植被环境包含植被覆盖指数和环境状况2个评价指标。以此将京石高速河北段路体绿化划分为20个景观单元进行了评价,总体表现为：Ⅰ级景观单元4个,占景观单元总数的20%；Ⅱ级景观单元15个,占景观单元总数的75%；Ⅲ级景观单元1个,占景观单元总数的5%。(4)从环境、安全、景观和经济4个方面构建了高等级公路路体绿化整体效果的评价指标体系,环境包含绿化覆盖率、植物生长状况和绿量率3个评价指标。安全包含防眩能力、固土护坡、视觉引导和舒适度4个评价指标；景观包含景观格局、景观协调性和景观观赏度3个评价指标；经济包含建设成本和养护成本2个评价指标。以此对京石高速北京段、京石高速河北段、石安高速和廊涿高速路体绿化的整体效果进行了评价,总体表现为京石高速北京段(92.72分)>廊涿高速(85.58分)>石安高速(83.37分)>京石高速河北段(80.02分),即京石高速北京段路体绿化整体效果为优,其他三条高速路体绿化整体效果均为良。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the promotion of regional ecmomic increaement, high-grade highway also lead to disturbance of natural landscape. Therefore, the greening of high-grade highway attracts wide attention and raise up the standards in perspective of ecology, landscape and safety. However, current theory on high-grade highway remains in single aspect, leaving gaps to form a comprehensive and complete frame. Accordingly, researches on the rating of the high-grade highway, i.e. proposing systematically the evaluation index system and methods for high-grade highway greening, can in a sense offers theoretical and technological support for the construction and development of high-grade highway in China. This study performed evaluation index system and methods from the perspective of plant species and configuration, landscape features and overall effect through analytic hierarchy process, principal component analysis (PCA) etc. Afterwards, Beijing and Hebei sections of Jing-Shi Highway, Shi-An Highway and Lang-Tun Highway were taken as case for validaty and applicability. The main results include:(1) Evaluation index system of greening species for high-grade highway was established from ecological adaptability, biological features and comprehensive benefits. Ecological adaptability includes cold-tolerance, drought-tolerance, barren-tolerance and light-tolerance. Biological features include soil-fixing ability of root system, disease-and pestilence-resistance and pollution-tolerance. Comprehensive benefits include aesthetic value, safety, economic-efficiency and ecological benefit. Seventy-one species commonly used for high-grade highway greening in northern China were evaluated and ranked. The general performance sequence was arbors>lianas>shrubs>herbs. Meanwhile, greening plants used in median strip in Hebei section of Jing-Shi Highway were analyzed as case study.(2) Evaluation index system of configuration of high-grade road greening plants was established from the perspective of plant configuration structure, plant configuration vigor and plant configuration efficacy. The plant configuration structure contained 4 indices including species diversity, life forms, inter-species effects and species connection. The plant configuration vigor contains 4 indices involving vegetation coverage, vegetation survival conditions, vegetation growth conditions and vegetation health. The plant configuration efficacy contains 3 indices consisting ecological efficacy, safety and landscape effect. Thirteen plant configuration patterns commonly used for high-grade highway greening in northern China were evaluated and ranked. The overall performance sequence was summarized:I-level communities include Platycladus orientalis colony, Populus tomentosa - Platycladus orientalis community, Euonymus fortunei community, Amorpha fruticosa-Buchloe dactyloides community, Parthenocissus tricuspidata community and Cynodon dactylon x C.transadlensis’Tifdwarf’-Festuca rubra-Coronilla varia community, accounting for 46.15% of the overall plant configuration modes; II-level communities include Populus tomentosa community, Rosa xanthina community, Sabina chinensis-Lagerstroemia indica community and Sabina chinensis-Prunus Cerasifera community, accounting for 30.77% of the overall number of plant configuration modes; Ⅲ-level include Sabina chinensis- Rosa hybrida community, Sabina chinensis-Cercis chinensis communities and Sabina chinensis- Hibiscus syriacus community, accounting for 23.08% of total plant configuration modes.(3) Taken landscape unit as the evaluation object, landscape feature evaluation index system for high-grade roads greening was established from four aspects of landscape features, landscape quality, visual effects and vegetation environment. Landscape features include 3 evaluation indices, i.e. spatial pattern, harmony and corresponding properties. Landscape quality includes 4 indices i.e. integrity, safety, sensitivity and social culture. Visual effect includes color, diversity and visually appeals. Vegetation environment include 2 indices of vegetation coverage index and environment conditions. Landscapealong Hebei Section of Jing-Shi Highway was divided into 20 units and evaluated:there general performance was summarized:There were 4 I-level units, accounting for 20% of the total landscape units; 15 II-level units, accounting for 75% of the total landscape units; and 1 Ⅲ-level landscape unit, accounting for 5% of the total landscape units.(4) The evaluation index system for the overall effect of high-grade highway greening was established from 4 aspects of environment, safety, landscape and economic efficacy. Environment includes 3 indices of green coverage, the plant growth conditions and the green quantity ratio. The safety contains 4 indices of anti-glare function, soil-fixing slope, visual guidance and comfort. The landscape includes 3 indices of landscape pattern, landscape harmony and landscape aesthetics. The economic efficacy includes 2 indices of construction costs and maintenance costs. Evaluation was conducted on the overall greening effect of Beijing and Hebei section of Jing-Shi Highway, Shi-An Highway and Lang-Tun Highway. Overall performance were summarized as follows:Beijing section of Jing-Shi Highway (92.72)> Lang-Tun Highway (85.58)> Shi-An Highway (83.37)> Hebei section of Jing-Shi Highway (80.02), which indicated that Beijing section of Jing-Shi Highway reached the standard of excellence and the overall greening effect of the other three highway reached the standard of moderation.更多还原