【作者】 王龙；

【导师】 葛少云；

【作者基本信息】 天津大学 ， 电力系统及其自动化， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 随着能源和环境问题日益严重，电动汽车因其在节能减排方面的巨大优势逐渐受到人们关注。为降低大规模电动汽车无序充电对配电网的不利影响，需先行研究电动汽车充放电对配电网的影响及其优化策略。本文通过利用电动汽车有序充放电，对优化含电动汽车的电网负荷曲线、改善含电动汽车的配电网电压偏差、平滑含光伏的电动汽车充换电站功率波动和提高可再生能源消纳能力等方面内容展开研究。主要工作如下：（1）为研究考虑负荷峰值时的电动汽车有序充放电优化，提出了有序模式和无序模式的电动汽车充放电概率模型及功率期望计算模型，建立了以负荷峰值最小为目标的优化模型。分析了峰谷电价时段、用户响应度对含电动汽车的电网负荷曲线的影响，并与无序充电时的场景进行了比较。在不同用户响应度下，研究了电动汽车有序充放电对含电动汽车的电网负荷曲线的影响；讨论了在相同用户响应度下，电动汽车有序充放电对不同类型负荷曲线的优化效果。分析了用户响应度与电网负荷峰值的对应关系。（2）为研究电动汽车有序充放电的经济效益，建立了以全社会收益和用户收益最大为目标的多目标优化模型，得到全社会收益和用户收益最优解集。讨论了三种典型场景中，电动汽车有序充放电的经济收益及其对电网负荷曲线的影响。分析了全社会收益和用户收益的关键参数灵敏度问题，提出在不明显减少全社会收益前提下，提高用户参与有序充放电积极性的建议。（3）针对电动汽车无序充电将增大配电网电压偏差、降低配电网电能质量的问题，提出了含电动汽车的配电网电压偏差优化模型。分析了电动汽车有序充放电的配电网电压偏差改善效果及经济效益，讨论了典型场景下的配电网电压偏差及网损特性，提出了配电网各节点电动汽车数量配置的参考建议。（4）为有效利用电动汽车有序充电和电池组充放电的调节能力，平滑含光伏的电动汽车充换电站功率波动和提高可再生能源消纳能力，提出了电动汽车充电分时控制模型和电池组充放电控制方法。构建了充换电站的物理结构和控制结构，讨论了站内各功率的频域特性，研究了电动汽车分时充电、电池组充放电的功率波动平滑效果，分析了电动汽车充电分时控制和电池组充放电控制的优缺点。讨论了进一步降低联络线功率波动的可行措施，提出了光伏容量、电动汽车充电功率、电池组容量的优化配置建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 With increasingly deteriorating problems of energy resources exhaustion andenvironment pollution, the electric vehicles (EVs) have attracted more attention dueto their great advantages in energy-saving and emission-reducing. However,large-scale disordered charging of EVs will have a negative impact on the distributionnetwork, which is better to be reduced by studying the influence ofcharging-discharging events on the distribution network and the correspondingoptimization strategies. Based on the ordered charging-discharging approach used forEVs, this paper is focused on the optimization of load curve in a system with EVs, thereduction of voltage deviation, the smooth of power fluctuations of EVs’ chargingstation with photovoltaic (PV), and the enhancement of the integration capacity ofrenewable energy sources. The work in this dissertation is summarized as follows:(1) Two charging modes, disordered charging and ordered charging-discharging,are proposed in this work, respectively, for the description of EVscharging-discharging probability characteristics and power expectation, with thepurpose of studying the optimization of EVs ordered charging in a scenarioconsidering load peak. An optimization model is established as well, aimed towardsminimizing the load peak. Additionally, the impacts of peak valley price and users’responses on load curves in a system with EVs are analyzed in detail and thencompared with the situation in which EVs are charged with disordered strategy.Furthermore, impacts of EVs ordered charging on load curves in a system with EVsare studied under different levels of users’ response. Subsequently, impacts of EVsordered charging-discharging on the optimization of different types of load curves arediscussed under the same level of users’ response. Finally, the relationship betweenusers’ responses and load peak is analyzed in detail.(2) In order to research the economic benefit of EVs orderedcharging-discharging, a multi-objective optimization model is proposed to maximizethe total social profits and users profits, with the optimized solution set obtained.Then, the economic benefit of EVs ordered charging-discharging and their impacts on load curve are discussed based on three typical scenarios. Besides, the sensitivityproblem is analyzed on critical parameters that significantly influent the total socialprofits and users profits, based on which feasible suggestions are put forward on thepremise of no dramatic reduction of the total social profits, and to raise users’enthusiasm of responding the ordered charging-discharging policy.(3) Considering that EVs disordered charging will aggravate voltage deviationand deteriorate power quality of distribution systems, an optimization model isproposed in this work to solve the problem of voltage deviation in a distributionnetwork with EVs. Then, the effects of EVs ordered charging-discharging areanalyzed on the voltage deviation improvement and economic benefit. In addition,based on the analysis of voltage deviation and loss characteristics of distributionsystem operated in typical scenarios, the quantity configuration of EVs is suggestedfor each node in a distribution system.(4) The model of time-sharing control for EVs charging and the method ofswapping batteries charging-discharging control are proposed in this work, aimedtowards utilizing the adjustable capacity of EVs ordered charging and swappingbatteries charging-discharging effectively, smoothing the power fluctuations ofcharging station with PV, and improving the integration capacity of renewable energyresources. Firstly, the physical structure and control structure of EV station areproposed. Then, the characteristics of frequency field of each unit in the station areanalyzed in detail. Last but not least, the smooth effect of power fluctuations isstudies based on time-sharing control of EVs charging and swapping batteriescharging-discharging control, with their pros and cons discussed as well. Finally,feasible suggestions are put forward to further smooth the power fluctuations of thePoint of Common Coupling (PCC), and the optimal configurations are also proposedfor PV capacity, EVs charging power, and swapping batteries capacity.更多还原