【作者】 苗娣；

【导师】 魏华林；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 金融学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 “百年大计，教育为本”和“教育强则国强”这两条基本规律早已被历史所验证，但其中蕴含的经济学道理直到上世纪下半叶才被经济学家们发现。以舒尔茨和贝克尔为代表人物的人力资本理论和以罗默和卢卡斯为代表人物的内生增长理论均支持教育在经济发展中的重要地位。人力资本理论将资本分为物质资本和人力资本，认为人力资本的重要性要超过物质资本，从而强调了教育的重要性。内生增长理论又将人力资本分为社会一般人力资本和专业化人力资本，认为专业化人力资本形成的规模和速度取决于社会一般人力资本水平，而社会一般人力资本通过学校教育获得，从而进一步强调了教育的重要性。但是，传统的理念更重视教育的正常“产出”，而忽视了“风险”对正常“产出”过程的影响甚至“中断”。中国校园的风险状况不容乐观，风险对教育“产出”的“破坏”还时有发生，有时还比较严重。我们不应该忘记汶川地震夺走的数千名学生的鲜活生命，同样也不会失却“夺命校车”惨案带来的记忆。如果说重视教育质量有利于高质量的“产出”，那么重视风险则有利于稳定、连续的“产出”。随着其他研究领域和风险管理领域的不断融合，新的风险管理理念、技术和模式也不断出现，支持着校园风险管理的深入研究。校园风险管理是指人们对校园风险的认识、控制和处理的主动行为。传统风险管理流程包括制定风险管理计划、识别风险、衡量风险、评价风险、选择具体方法、效果评价等。随着风险管理理论研究的进展和融合，风险管理的基本要素缩小为风险的识别、评估和处理，这同样适用于校园风险管理领域。校园风险的识别主要包括校园风险及其发展趋势的考察。如果按照传统的风险定义，校园风险限定了风险的发生地点，但如果从风险社会的视角来看，校园风险的考量则需要超越校园的围墙。校园风险包括涉及校园的人身风险、财产风险和责任风险等，但最主要的风险还是学生人身风险以及相应的学校管理责任。随着社会外部环境和校园内部环境风险状况的变化，受突发事件增多、事故成本上升、风险意识欠缺以及应对手段不足等因素影响，校园风险呈现出日益复杂化的发展趋势。校园风险的核心问题在于中小学校园安全事故多发，并在事故发生的区域、时间、地点、学段和类别等方面有着突出特点。校园风险评估主要是指对风险发生频率和损失程度的评估。RAC法是评估校园风险评估的主要方法，通过考察影响校园风险事件的两类因素——发生频率和损失程度，来确定单个风险的风险等级。校园风险评估的主要内容则包括火灾（爆炸）风险评估、管理风险评估、群发性风险评估和个体性风险评估等。校园风险处理主要是指如何采取合理的风险管理技术来应对校园风险。校园风险管理技术主要包括两类：控制型风险管理技术和融资型风险管理技术。控制型风险管理技术包括校园风险的避免、预防和抑制等，融资型风险管理技术主要包括校园风险自留和校园风险转移。风险预警机制在今天风险管理的研究中亦不少见，完全可以成为校园风险管理的重要内容。建立校园风险预警机制不仅有利于校园风险管理从“被动”管理向“主动”管理转变，而且有利于校园风险管理从“单一”管理向管理技术“综合运用”、风险管理主体“多元”的“综合”管理转变。校园风险预警主要由制度保障和触发机制两部分内容构成，前者是依据政府相关法律法规制定的校园风险管理规则，后者的关键在于触发临界值的估算，涉及单类风险触发临界值的估算和校园总体风险触发临界值的估算。校园风险管理可以考虑转向安全预防、应急管理和风险转移“三位一体”的新模式。当前，校园风险管理仍然存在着财政资金支持不够、校方防范意识不够、学生风险意识不强等安全预防不完善问题，应急措施实施不力、法律手段运用不够、处理结果区域差异较大等应急处理不给力问题以及保险产品有效需求和有效供给“双不足”等风险转移不充分问题。在安全预防方面，既需要继续完善安全预防体制和优化安全预防机制，也需要继续出台类似《校车安全管理条例》的安全预防重要规章。在应急管理方面，既需要继续完善应急预案体系、应急管理体制、应急管理运行机制和应急管理法制为代表的“一案三制”，也需要建立安全事故、突发事件、自然灾害等不同校园突发公共事件的应急管理程序。在风险转移上，除了政府财力和社会捐赠等非保险转移手段外，需要着重运用保险转移手段。校园保险是校园风险管理的市场工具，可以有效转移可保的校园风险，其两大核心险种分别是学生人身意外伤害险和校方责任保险。校园保险之所以在校园风险转移中起主导作用，主要源于校园风险的特殊性。与其他保险类别相比，校园保险具有公益特征并且更强调社会管理功能的发挥。校园保险的公益性表现为：一是保持“微利”，二是提供更多的防灾防损服务。校园保险不仅需要法律法规的保障和政府财力的帮助，而且可以成为保险公司从保险服务商向风险管理服务商战略转型的排头兵。校园保险发展的保障措施包括技术保障措施和政策保障措施两大类。前者主要包括完善的校园风险管理服务网络和系统的校园风险管理数据库，而后者主要包括以法律法规为代表的制度保障和以财政补贴为主体的资金保障。在市场主体方面，校园保险不仅需要保险公司，还特别需要能够提供专业化校园风险管理服务的保险经纪公司。在产品开发方面，校园保险需要从单一校园保险产品向综合校园保险产品转变。在营销策略方面，校园保险需要从价格竞争导向转向服务竞争导向。深圳是运用保险这一校园风险管理市场工具较为成功的城市。2005年《深圳市学校安全管理条例》的颁布标志着校园风险管理进入“事前安全管理和事中、事后应急救助和调查处理”的阶段。2006年4月26日，由深圳市政府出资、人保财险深圳市分公司承保的深圳校方责任险正式起保生效。2010年颁布的《深圳市学校安全管理条例》实施细则更加强调风险转移手段的重要地位，更加强化安全预防中的安全教育，更加重视应急管理的重要性。2010年，深圳市政府在全面实施校方责任险的基础上，开始支持学生人身意外伤害险。“双险”并行在保险责任范围上有所互补，进一步完善了校园风险管理机制，有效地实现了“低事故、广覆盖、高保障”的运行目标。事实上，“三位一体”校园风险管理新模式还可以进一步优化，可以通过健全的风险管理网络来完善安全预防建设，通过合理的应急管理模式来提升应急管理效率，通过加强引入校园保险机制来提升风险转移效果。保险机制在新模式中的作用也可以进一步提升，可以通过帮助建立风险预警机制来协助完善安全预防，也可以通过校园保险机制提升应急管理效率。总之，一旦“三位一体”新模式的尝试获得成功，中国校园风险管理的局面将焕然一新。更多还原

【Abstract】 It has been proved by history that "Long-term goals base on education" and "Acountry’s strength comes with its powerful education capacity". But the economictheories implying in these two basic laws were not found by economists until thelatter half of last century. Both Human Capital Theory represented by Theodore W.Schultz and Gary S.Becker and Endogenous Growth Theory represented by PaulM.Romer and Robert E.Lucas Jr. support the point of view that education plays animportant role in effect on economic development.Capital is divided into tow part as physical capital and human capital in HumanCapital Theory. The Human Capital Theory, which considers human capital is moreimportant than physical capital, emphasizes the significance of education. Humancapital is further divided into general human capital and specialized human capital inEndogenous Growth Theory. As the Endogenous Growth Theory hold that specializedhuman capital depends on the level of general human capital that can obtain fromschool education. Thus, the significance of education is further emphasized.However, the traditional concepts value the normal output of education more,which ignore that the risk have impact on the process of normal output, the impactmay even be an interruption. The risks of the Chinese campus are not optimistic. Ithappens occasionally that the risk breaks the output of education, sometimes thedamage is more serious. We should not forget that thousands of students’ fresh lifewas taken away by Wenchuan earthquake. Similarly, the tragedy of Deadly school carshould not be forgotten.If emphasizing education is beneficial to the high-quality output, so pay attentionto risk are conducive to stability and continuity of output. With the amalgamation ofrisk management field and other research fields, new concepts, techniques, andpatterns in risk management field are emerging, which will support the intensivestudy of risk management of campus. Risk management of campus refers to people’s active behavior oncomprehension of the campus risk, and command and conduct of the risk as well.Traditional risk management processes including risk management plan, riskidentification, risk measurement, risk assessment, specific methods selection,effectiveness evaluation, etc. With the development and amalgamation of riskmanagement theory, the basic elements of risk management reduced to riskidentification, risk assessment and conduction, which also apply to the riskmanagement of campus.Risk identification mainly includes the investigation of the campus risk and itsdevelopment trend. According to the traditional definition of risk, the campus risklimited the location of risk. But from the point of risk society, the evaluation ofcampus risk should not restrict in the campus. campus risk include personnel risks,property risks and liability risks, etc. In the above risks, the main risks in campus arethe personal risks of students and the liability risks of the school management. Withthe changes both in the external environment of society and the internal environmentof campus, affected by the growth of emergency and accident costs, awareness ofrisks and lack of countermeasure, campus risk present to be more complex. The coreissue of the campus risk is that primary and secondary schools are safetyaccident-prone. on campus, the risks which has mentioned have specific features inthe aspects such as area of the accident, time, place, phase of studying and categories.Assessment of campus risk mainly refers to the assessment of the frequencies ofrisks and the degree of loss. RAC method is the primary method to assess the campusrisk, by investigating these two factors-frequencies of risks and the degree ofloss-which have influence on campus risk, the risk level of a single risk can bedetermined. Risk assessment of campus mainly includes elements such as riskassessment of fire and the explosion caused by fire, risk assessment management, riskassessment of mass outbreak case and individual case, etc.Risk management of campus mainly refers to how to response to the campus riskwith rational risk management techniques. Campus risk management techniquesinclude two main categories: controlling type and financing type. Controlling type of risk management techniques include risk avoidance, prevention and suppression,while financing type of risk management techniques mainly include the campus ofrisk retention and risk transfer.Risk pre warning mechanism is common in today’s risk management research,and it can be important components of risk management on campus. Establishing riskmanagement risk pre warning mechanism will not only be favorable to the changefrom "passive" management to the "active" management, and also conducive to riskmanagement of campus to change from "single" management to "comprehensive"management that management technology is "integratedly exerted" and the subject ofrisk management tends to be "multiple".Campus risk pre warning mechanisms mainly consists of two parts: the systemguarantee and the trigger mechanism. The former one is campus risk managementdiscipline that is pursuant to related laws and regulations formulated by thegovernment, while the key point of the latter one is triggering threshold estimation,involving single-risk triggering threshold estimation and overall-risk triggeringthreshold estimation.We can consider turning campus risk management to a new "Trinity" mode thatcombines the security prevention, emergency management, and risk transfer. Thecurrent campus risk management exist many problems in prevention such as lackingof financial support, prevention awareness, weak sense of risk awareness and so forth.There are also many problems can be found in emergency processing, such as weakimplementation of emergency measures, useless of legal methods, and regionaldifferences of the handling results,etc. Problems can be seen from risk transfer as wellthat insurance products do not effectively supply for the effective demand.In terms of prevention, we need to continuously improve prevention system andoptimize prevention mechanism, also we need to continue to announce someimportant prevention regulations that are similar to School Bus Safety Regulations. Inthe aspect of emergency management, we need to continue to improve both theemergency preplan systems, and emergency management systems, and emergencymanagement running mechanism and emergency management legal system represented by the legal system as a "Trinity" system. What’s more, it also require theestablishment of emergency management program for the public emergencies such assafety accidents, emergencies, natural disasters that happen in different campus.From the point of risk transfer, in addition to the non-insurance transfer methods suchas government financial support and social donations, we need to focus on the use ofinsurance transfer means.Insurance for campus is a tool of market for campus risk management, whichcan effectively transfer insurable campus risk. The two core kinds of insurance forcampus is casualty insurance for students and liability insurance for schools.Insurance for campus play a leading role in campus risk transfer, mostly for theparticularities of the campus risk. Compared with other kinds of insurance, campusinsurance has a non-commercial character and more emphasis on the function ofsocial management. The non-commercial performance of insurance for campus: thefirst is keeping "meager profit", the second is preventing more disaster-prevention andloss-prevention services. Insurance for campus not only require protection of the lawsand regulations but also the financial help of the government, and it can become avanguard for the strategic transformation of insurance company from the insuranceservice provider to the risk management service provider.The safeguard measures of insurance for campus includes two broad categories:technology measures and policy measures. The former one mainly include a perfectcampus risk management services network and a systemic campus risk managementdatabase, while the latter mainly consists of institutional guarantee represented bylaws and regulations and funding guarantee subject to financial subsidies.In terms of market subjects, insurance for campus not only require insurancecompanies, but also insurance brokerage firm which can be able to provideprofessional risk management services. In terms of product development, insurancefor campus is require to transfer its products from a single type to a comprehensivetype. In terms of marketing strategy, insurance for campus need to change itscompetition way from price oriented to service oriented.Shenzhen is one of the cities which successfully use this market tool of campus risk management. In2005, the promulgation of Shenzhen School Safety ManagementOrdinance marks campus risk management enter into the stage that "securitymanagement in advance and emergency rescue and investigation afterwards". OnApril26,2006, funded by the Shenzhen municipal government, and underwritten bythe PICC Property and Casualty Company Limited Shenzhen Branch, school liabilityinsurance officially took effect. In2010, the enactment of the detailed rules of theShenzhen School Safety Management Ordinance stressed the importance of risktransfer methods, strengthened safety education in security prevention, paid moreattention to the importance of emergency management. In the same year, theShenzhen municipal government began to support the casualty insurance for studentsbasing on the full implementation of school liability insurance. The parallel of "Twokinds of insurances" reached the result that the insurance coverage of these two kindsof insurance is complementary, further improve the risk management system oncampus, and effectively implement the running target that "low accident rate, widecoverage and high guarantee".In fact, new models for campus risk management, so called the "trinity", canfurther optimize by ways such as establishing a sound risk management network tocomplete the construction of prevention, improving rational emergency managementmode to enhance the efficiency of emergency, and strengthening the introduction ofinsurance mechanisms for campus to enhance risk transfer effects. Insurancemechanisms can further enhance its role under the new mode. It can help to build uprisk pre warning mechanism to improve safety and prevention and upgrade theefficiency of emergency. To sum up, once the trying of "trinity" mode can besuccessful, campus risk management in China will has a brand-new look.更多还原