阿尔都塞激进政治话语研究

【作者】 林青；

【导师】 邹诗鹏；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 本文尝试重新解读阿尔都塞的思想,旨在重新梳理阿尔都塞的思想脉络及其现实政治的考量,同时指明阿尔都塞的思想对当代激进政治话语的影响。众所周知,阿尔都塞的思想产生于马克思主义处于危机中的历史时代,作为一名马克思主义者,阿尔都塞一方面通过理论的解读,使得马克思主义理论摆脱人道主义意识形态的影响,重新恢复马克思主义理论的激进特征；另一方面,这种解读融入了当代的理论视野和现实反思,使得马克思主义理论能够摆脱教条主义的窠臼,实现马克思主义理论与当代社会科学的对话。正是在这种对话中,阿尔都塞对马克思主义理论的解读在一定的意义上置换掉了传统的马克思主义理论话语,而这正是与当代激进政治的规划休戚相关。而本文的核心内容就是表明阿尔都塞对马克思主义理论的重新规划是如何丰富和发展了马克思主义理论的谱系及其对当代激进政治话语的开启。本文主要是依托阿尔都塞的三大理论资源即意识形态理论、辩证法话语的激进化和偶然唯物论而展开,在与当代激进政治话语的对比中呈现阿尔都塞思想的重要性。在经典马克思主义理论的视域中,意识形态本身是没有独立存在的,其必然依附于经济-阶级解释模式。这就意味着意识形态在马克思主义理论中处于边缘状态,这当然是与其面临的社会现实相关。1968年五月风暴的落幕,带给阿尔都塞和当代激进政治两个重要的理论启示：第一,人道主义逻辑已然行不通；第二,必须在已有的经济-阶级解释模式的基础上寻求的新的解释路径。正是在这种理论和现实背景中,阿尔都塞的《意识形态与意识形态国家机器》应运而生,为马克思主义理论提供了一种分析当代资本主义社会的新视角和新话语,笔者将此称为新政治逻辑的开启。福柯与阿尔都塞几乎同时发表了其代表著《规训与惩罚》,二者为当代激进政治理论理解当代资本主义的结构和运行机制提供了重要的理论支持。当代激进政治对经济同一性的拒斥及其对政治分析的重视,在一定的程度上都是受此启发。而后马克思主义对霸权链接实践的论述,更是与阿尔都塞的意识形态理论有着千丝万缕的关系。而阿尔都塞对辩证法话语的激进化则缘于人道主义的盛行及其对马克思主义理论的误解,其解决之道在于与黑格尔哲学决裂,其核心主题便是辩证法。在阿尔都塞看来,人道主义的逻辑就是主体哲学、历史哲学的逻辑,其对马克思主义理论的解读带有浓厚的资产阶级意识形态和历史决定论的色彩,而这无疑是抹杀了马克思主义理论原有的革命特质和激进性质。正是在此意义上,阿尔都塞将辩证法话语激进化,将结构与因素、不平衡与差异、结构因果性与多元决定等引入马克思主义的辩证法,从而以新的范式重塑辩证法的结构。在这种激进化的过程中,阿尔都塞对结构及其地形说隐喻的重视、对历史决定论的拒斥,被苏贾称为法国马克思主义理论空间化的主要前奏曲。而阿尔都塞的多元决定论及其与意识形态批判相结合的思路,更是直接影响了卡斯特尔斯对当代都市问题的研究。晚期阿尔都塞的偶然唯物论更是在马克思主义与后结构主义的相互碰撞中产生的。由于与福柯、德里达、德勒兹以及巴迪欧等人的交往,阿尔都塞晚期思想明显倾向于后结构主义,但与阿尔都塞早年接触结构主义一样,都是在一种方法论的意义上为自己的理论实践服务。晚期阿尔都塞将批判的矛头不仅指向黑格尔哲学,更是指向了西方哲学的观念论传统,以期指明观念论的虚假性。就此而言,阿尔都塞仍然在延续着早期对资产阶级意识形态及其人道主义的批判。晚期阿尔都塞通过论述偶然唯物论,用虚空、偏斜、相遇、事件、形势等概念置换起源、必然、本质等概念,以期达到一种更加激进化的效果。而后马克思主义理论关于虚空、链接以及巴迪欧的事件政治学,都是与阿尔都塞的偶然唯物论有着直接的关系。本文最后的旨趣在于通过上述探讨,重新定位阿尔都塞在马克思主义理论、西方马克思主义和当代激进政治理论中的地位。阿尔都塞的哲学思想是马克思主义处于危机中的产物,阿尔都塞的思想历程体现了身处社会断裂时期的这一代马克思主义者,为挽救马克思主义理论所做出的艰难抉择。这种艰难的抉择,不仅反映了马克思主义理论自身的自我重塑,而且意味着马克思主义理论必须寻求更加切近的通达社会现实之路。而阿尔都塞的一生及其思想历程,从一个侧面反映了马克思主义理论自我重塑的内在重要性。更多还原

【Abstract】 This objective of this dissertation is to rethink of Althusser’s theory, which is aimed to clarify the system of Althusser’s theory and its consideration of the politics, furthermore indicate its influence on the discourse of contemporary radical politics. As is known to all, Althusser’s theory was derived from the crisis of Marxism, as a Marxist, Altusser made Marxism escaped from the influence of humanism ideology by by rereading Marx, through which Marxism regained its radical feature. Meanwhile, such rereading, which is mingled with contemporary perspectives and rethinking of the reality, made Marxism break away from dogmatism and thus dialogue with social sciences. Althusser displaced the traditional discourse of Marxism by such dialogue, and it inextricably bound to the project of contemporary radical politics. The theme of this dissertation therefore is to reveal that how Althusser developed the genealogy of Marxism and influenced the discourse of contemporary radical politics.This dissertation is based on three parts of Althusser’s theory:theory of ideology, radicalization of the discourse of dialectics, and aleatory materialism, being committed to make clear the importance of Althusser’s theory by the comparison with the contemporary radical politics.From the perspective of classical Marxist theory, ideology cannot exist alone but attach itself to the analytical model of economic-class. It means that the theory of ideology is located in the margin of Marxist theory, which obviously correlates with the social reality. The failure of the event of1968illuminates Althusser as well as contemporary radical politics mainly in two aspects:first of all, the logic of humanism cannot work; secondly, there must be a new approach to social reality must be found beyond the analytical model of economic-class. Althusser’s Ideology and Ideological State Apparatus published precisely in such context, which provided a new perspective and discourse for Marxist theory to analyze contemporary capitalism. I call it the emergence of the new political logic. Foucault published his work Discipline and Punish in the same time with Althusser, both of them provided the theoretical precondition for contemporary radical theory, which contributed to the analysis of the institution and structure of capitalism. And the rejection to the identity of economic and the focus on political analysis of contemporary radical were inspired by them to a certain degree. Besides, there is a kind of complex relationship between Post-Marxism’s discussion about the practice of hegemonic articulation and Althusser’s theory of ideology.The radicalization of dialectics discourse in Althusser’s theory derived from the victory of humanism and its misread about Marxist theory. In order to clarify it, Althusser tried to break up with Hegel’s philosophy, whose key theme is dialectics structure. From the perspective of Athusser’s theory, the logic of humanism is philosophy of subjectivity and history, whose discussion on Marxist theory is full of(out of) the ideology of bourgeoisie and historical determinism, which undoubtedly wipes out the revolutionary and radical nature of Marxism. In this sense, Althusser made the discourse of dialectics radical, and introduced structure and element, unevenness and difference, structural causality and overdetermination into Marxist dialectics, which reconstruct dialectics by new paradigm. In the process of radicalization, Althusser emphasized on the structure and the metaphor of topography and criticized the historical determinism, which was called the prelude of spatialization of French Marxism by Soja. In addition, Althusser combined ideological critique with overdetermination, which directly influenced Manuel Castells’s research on urban question.Aleatory materialism in later Althusser’s theory grew out of the comparison between Marxism theory and Post-Structuralism. In communication with Foucault, Derrida, Deleuze and Badiou, later Althusser paid more attention to Post-Structuralism, which however was serviced to his theoretical practice, just as he paid attention to structuralism early. Later Althusser’s critique not only focused on Hegel, but also on the tradition of idealism. It meant that later Althusser continued his critique of ideology and humanism.The aim of aleatory materialism is to make his theory more radical, which displaces origin, necessary, essence with void, swerve, encounter, event and conjuncture. And Post-Marxism’s studies on void, articulation and Badiou’s politics of event are all related with Althusser’s aleatory materialism.Above all, the objective of this dissertation is to relocate Althusser’s theory in Marxism, Western-Marxism and contemporary radical politics. Althusser’s theory was the result of the crisis of Marxism, which delegated the difficult choice of Marxist in the social rupture. The difficult choice meant that Marxism theory should reconstruct itself, and seek a new approach to social reality. Althusser’s theory and his life implied the immanent importance of the reconstruction.更多还原