【作者】 丁俊华；

【导师】 于金富；

【作者基本信息】 河南大学 ， 政治经济学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 合作社是弱势群体自愿联合起来改变被动地位的合作经济组织，自1844年第一个成功举办的合作社——罗虚代尔公平先锋社成立至今，已有近170年的历史。在这期间，出现了诸多合作经济理论，但以马克思恩格斯合作经济理论生命力最强、影响最为深远。关于农业合作社理论的研究源远流长，可以追溯到19世纪前期各种合作经济思想创立之时，但其真正成为经济学的一个分支是在进入20世纪以后。20世纪20至30年代，农业危机首先在美国爆发并迅速波及全球。为应对此次农业危机，西方国家的政府纷纷采取了支持农民合作社发展的政策。在这种背景下，农业合作社理论研究成为西方经济学的一项重要内容。与此同时，世界上首个社会主义国家前苏联也开展了全国性的农业合作化运动，因此，关于农业合作社理论的研究也成为社会主义经济的重要组成部分。我国国内关于农业合作社理论的研究，整体而言，滞后于国外尤其是西方发达资本主义国家，这与农业合作社首先在西欧等发达国家出现并且已经发展得比较成熟有关。从目前来看，无论是国内还是国外的农业合作社理论研究，都存在着重视流通领域的合作社研究轻视生产领域的合作社研究的倾向，在马克思主义农业合作社理论框架下的研究更是非常少见，这不能不说是一个遗憾。本文认为，在当前农业合作社发展的新的历史时期，应继续坚持马克思主义农业合作社理论的指导地位，因为唯有如此，才能保证我国新型农业合作社发展的社会主义方向，才能使其真正成为农民自己的组织，为农民谋利益。19世纪60年代，马克思和恩格斯在扬弃空想社会主义合作经济思想的基础上，在与无政府主义合作思想、基督教社会主义学派、国家社会主义学派、合作社社会主义学派以及合作企业学派等形形色色合作社改良主义斗争的过程中，逐渐形成了系统的合作经济理论，并成为马克思主义经济理论的重要组成部分。马克思和恩格斯认为，从一般意义而言，合作社是生产社会化的产物，是向共产主义过渡的中间环节；在各种合作经济中，生产合作起决定作用，因为唯有生产合作才能触动资本主义生产方式；国家政权对合作社具有决定作用。针对农业这一特殊领域，在经济发达国家，无产阶级掌握政权后，应实行土地国有化并采取农业工人合作社的生产组织形式；在经济落后国家，无产阶级掌权后，应采取农民合作社的土地所有制形式和农业生产组织形式。发展农业合作社要坚持以下原则：必须改造农民的土地私有制；坚持自愿原则，不能剥夺农民；坚持典型示范和提供国家帮助；坚持因地制宜、区别对待的原则；反对雇工剥削。列宁、毛泽东、邓小平等无产阶级革命领导人继承并发展了马克思恩格斯的农业合作经济理论，形成了他们各自关于农业合作社的思想，成为马克思主义农业合作社理论的重要组成部分。农业合作社在我国并不是新生事物，早在20世纪20至30年代，在我国农村就自发产生了互助组等农业合作经济组织形式。新中国成立后，中国共产党领导农民群众开展了从互助组、初级农业生产合作社、高级农业生产合作社，到人民公社的农业合作化运动。在农业合作化运动初期尤其是初级农业生产合作社时期，由于较好地贯彻了马克思主义农业合作社理论指导思想，遵循了合作社的基本原则，取得了显著成效。但从高级农业生产合作社以后，由于指导思想有误，合作化运动演变成了农业集体化运动，并最终建立了人民公社制度，造成了严重后果。改革开放后，我国普遍推行了家庭联产承包责任制，它虽然有利于调动农民的生产积极性，但也存在诸多缺点，如生产规模小，不利于大规模机器和科学技术的利用；农户抗风险能力差，在市场竞争中处于弱势地位等等。因此，无论是从促进农业生产力发展的角度，还是从市场经济发展要求来看，我国都需要大力发展农业合作社。因而，重温马克思主义农业合作社理论并以此为指导，系统研究分析我国农业合作社问题，对于解决“三农问题”、实现农业现代化，对于丰富和发展合作经济理论，都具有重要意义。我国农业生产力发展很不平衡，不仅地区间发展不平衡，而且同一地区在发展水平上也存在较大差异。因此，我国发展农业合作社应坚持因地制宜、区别对待的原则；在农业合作社的具体形式上要灵活多样，不能简单化一。本文认为，目前我国应采取以农村土地股份合作社为主、多种农业合作经济形式并存的发展模式。为此，一要进行理论创新以设计新型农业合作社的总体框架，即坚持马克思主义农业合作社基本原理，体现社会主义农业生产方式本质特征；继承并发展马克思主义农业合作社理论，实现社会主义农业生产经营形式的创新。第二，应进行制度创新以搭建新型农业合作社的制度结构，即进行农地产权制度改革，构建股份化的土地集体产权制度；改革农村集体经济组织，组建新型合作经济组织；进行分配制度改革，构建以按劳分配为主体的新型分配制度。第三，要进行组织建设以完善新型农业合作社的治理结构，即确保社员的主体地位；完善内部组织结构和管理机制；完善利益分配机制。第四，应加强政府支持以改善新型农业合作社发展的外部环境，即创造良好的法治环境；加大对新型农业合作社的扶持力度；加强合作社教育和培训。更多还原

【Abstract】 Cooperatives are groups united voluntarily by vulnerable people to change their passive position. Ithas been nearly170years since the first cooperatives-Rochdale fair Pioneer Club was successfullyestablished in1844. During this period, there have been a lot of theories in cooperatives economy, amongwhich the Marxist cooperatives economy theory has been the most influential and of the most vitality.Theoretical research on agricultural cooperatives has a long history that can be dated back to the early19th century, when all kinds of cooperative economic thought were created. But it truly became a branch ofeconomics in the20th century.1920s and1930s saw the agricultural crisis first erupted in the United Statesthat quickly spread to the world. To respond to the crisis, western governments took policies of supportingfarmers’ cooperative development. In such context, the theoretical study of agricultural cooperativesbecame an important part of western economics. Meanwhile, the world’s first socialist state the formerSoviet Union launched a nationwide agricultural cooperative movement, therefore, research on the theoryof agricultural cooperatives had become an important part of the socialist economy.China’s agriculturalcooperatives theoretical research as a whole falls behind foreign countries, especially the developedWestern capitalist countries, which is a result that agricultural cooperatives first appeared and havedeveloped in Western Europe countries. From the current point of view, both domestic and abroad study onagricultural cooperatives have a tendency to focus on the circulation areas of, instead of production area, ofcooperatives. It is such a shame that there are fewer researches conducted in the framework of Marx andEngels’ theoretical study of agricultural cooperatives. This paper believes that, in the new historical periodof agricultural cooperatives development, marxist theory of agricultural cooperatives should be taken as theguiding principle, because it is the only way to ensure the socialist orientation of the development of newagricultural co-operatives in our country, so that agricultural co-operatives can truly become organizationsof farmers and be beneficial to farmers.1860s witnessed Marx and Engels’ cooperative economic theory system coming into being duringtheir struggle against the anarchist cooperatives ideas, the Christian socialist school, the socialist school ofcooperatives and cooperative enterprises ideologies by abandoning utopian socialist economic cooperation, which had become an important part of Marxist economic theory. Marx and Engels believed that from thegeneral sense, the cooperative is a product of socialization of production. It is the transitional link tocommunism; production cooperation plays a decisive role in various economic, because only cooperationcan touch capitalist production methods; national regime has a decisive power over cooperatives. or theparticular field of agriculture, when the proletariat takes power in developed countries, land should benationalized and production organization should take the form of agricultural workers cooperatives; whenthe proletariat takes power in the economically backward countries, farmers’ cooperatives land ownershipand agricultural production organization should be adopted. To develop agricultural cooperatives, thefollowing points should be adhered: farmers private ownership of land must be transformed; the voluntaryprinciple must be adhered and farmers must not be exploited; typical model and state help must be adhered;measures must be adjusted according to local conditions and treatment must be taken accordingly; andexploitation of workers must be opposed. The proletarian revolutionary leaders Lenin, Mao Zedong andDeng Xiaoping inherited and developed the Agricultural cooperation economic theory of Marx and Engels,and formed their own ideas about the agricultural cooperatives, which become to the significant part ofMarxist theory of agricultural cooperatives.Agricultural cooperatives in our country is not a new thing. As early as1920-30s, there appearedforms of agricultural cooperation economic organization, such as spontaneous support groups. After thefounding of new China, the communist party of China led the farmers to carry out agricultural cooperativemovement from support groups, primary agricultural production cooperatives, and senior agriculturalproduction cooperatives, to the people’s communes. At the beginning of the agricultural cooperativemovement, especially in the primary period of agricultural production cooperatives, remarkableachievements were made because Marx and Engels’ theory was better followed and basic principles ofcooperatives were abided.But since senior agricultural production cooperatives, because of the wrongguiding ideology, the cooperative movement evolved into agricultural collectivization movement, whichfinally created the people’s commune system and caused serious consequences. After China’s reform andopening up, China introduced the household contract responsibility system, which, though favorable toarousing t farmers’ production enthusiasm, had many disadvantages, such as small production scale, noteasy to introduce large-scale machinery and technology; Farmers were not strong in anti-risk ability, which put them in a weak position in market competition, etc. Therefore, whether from the viewpoint ofpromoting the development of agricultural productivity, or from the request of market economydevelopment, agricultural cooperatives in China at the present stage should be developed with vigor.Therefore, reviewing and following Marxist theory of agricultural cooperatives, systematically researchingthe problem of agricultural cooperatives, all has important significance to solve the "three rural problems",to realize the agricultural modernization, to enrich and develop cooperation economic theory.Agricultural productivity development is not even in China. There’s unbalanced level of developmentin different regions, and even in the same area. Therefore, our agricultural cooperative development shouldadhere to the principle of adjusting measures to local conditions, and taking treatment accordingly; thespecific forms of agricultural cooperatives should be flexible. This paper argues that, at present our countryshould adopt a basic form of rural land stock cooperatives, and a coexistence of diverse forms ofcooperative economy. To do this, firstly, theoretical innovation must be conducted in order to design newoverall framework of agricultural cooperatives, which means that Marxist basic principle of agriculturalcooperatives must be adhered to show the essential feature of socialist agricultural production mode;inheritance and development of Marxist theory of agricultural cooperatives helps to realize innovation ofsocialist agricultural production and operation.Secondly, institutional innovation should be conducted toestablish the new system structure of agricultural cooperatives, which means reforming farmland propertyrights system to build demutualized collective land property rights system; reforming rural collectiveeconomic organizations to form a new cooperative economic organizations; and reforming distributionsystem to build a new distribution system with distribution according to work as the main body. Thirdly,organize construction must be conducted to perfect the governance structure of the new agriculturalcooperatives, or to ensure cooperatives members’ main body status, to improve the internal organizationalstructure and management mechanism, and to improve the mechanism of interest distribution. Fourthly,government support must be strengthened to improve the external environment for the development of newagricultural cooperatives, namely to create a good law environment, to increase support for newagricultural cooperatives, and to strengthen the cooperative education and training.更多还原