【作者】 张勇；

【导师】 李之俊；

【作者基本信息】 上海体育学院 ， 运动人体科学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 研究目的基于运动强度的角度，研究训练、运动方式（骑车与跑步）和性别对脂肪氧化动力学及最大脂肪氧化强度（Fatmax）和最大脂肪氧化率（MFO）的影响；在此研究基础上，基于运动持续时间的角度进一步研究Fatmax强度长时间持续运动过程的脂肪氧化动力学特征，寻找Fatmax强度长时间持续运动过程脂肪氧化利用快速增加的转折点；从运动模式的角度，进一步研究Fatmax强度持续运动与间歇运动过程机体能量消耗和脂肪代谢特征及其相关代谢激素的反应特征，探讨运动与最大脂肪氧化的相关调节机制。研究方法124名女大学生（有训练者和无训练者各12名）和21名男大学生（9名训练者和12名无训练者）采用递增负荷模式各自完成跑台运动测试和自行车运动测试，测定每级负荷运动过程机体气体代谢指标，采用每级负荷后30秒气体代谢数据计算脂肪氧化率，通过3阶数多项式拟合曲线确定脂肪氧化动力曲线与Fatmax和MFO，以研究长期训练对脂肪氧化动力学及Fatmax和MFO的影响，同时，在每级负荷后30秒采集有训练男性指血测定血乳酸水平，以探讨Fatmax强度与血乳酸累积起点的一致性。212名女大学生采用递增负荷模式分别完成跑台运动测试和自行车运动测试，测定每级负荷运动过程机体气体代谢指标，采用每级负荷后30秒气体代谢数据计算脂肪氧化率，通过3阶数多项式拟合曲线确定脂肪氧化动力曲线与Fatmax和MFO，以研究不同方式运动（骑车与跑步）对脂肪氧化动力学及Fatmax和MFO的影响。311名男生和12名女生采用递增负荷模式各自完成跑台运动测试，测定每级负荷运动过程机体气体代谢指标，采用每级负荷后30秒气体代谢数据计算脂肪氧化率，通过3阶数多项式拟合曲线确定脂肪氧化动力曲线和Fatmax与MFO，以研究性别对脂肪氧化动力学及Fatmax和MFO的影响。416名大学生（男女各8名）采用递增负荷模式完成跑台运动测试，测定每级负荷运动过程机体气体代谢指标，采用每级负荷后30秒气体代谢数据计算脂肪氧化率，通过3阶数多项式拟合曲线确定Fatmax，然后以Fatmax强度持续跑步1小时，测定气体代谢指标，分段计算脂肪和糖氧化量及总能耗，以研究Fatmax强度长时间持续运动过程脂肪氧化动力学特征及脂肪氧化利用率显著增加的转折点。57名女大学生采用递增负荷模式完成跑台运动测试，测定每级负荷运动过程机体气体代谢指标，采用每级负荷后30秒气体代谢数据计算脂肪氧化率，通过3阶数多项式拟合曲线确定Fatmax，然后以Fatmax强度在不同天分别完成持续跑步1小时恢复1小时和3个20min的间歇跑（间歇10min），随后恢复30min，总恢复时间也为1小时，运动过程和恢复过程测定气体代谢指标，计算脂肪和糖氧化量及总能耗；同时，分别在运动前、运动中、运动后不同时间点采集静脉血样，测定血糖、游离脂肪酸、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、胰岛素，以研究Fatmax强度持续运动与间歇运动过程机体能量消耗和脂肪代谢特征及其相关代谢激素的反应特征，探讨运动与最大脂肪氧化的相关调节机制。研究结果1（1）随着运动强度的增加，脂肪氧化率呈现先增加后减少的变化趋势。跑台运动有训练者脂肪氧化率在60-70%VO2max强度阶段呈现相对较高水平（12.20-12.84mg/min/kg），无训练者脂肪氧化率在50-65%VO2max强度阶段脂肪氧化率呈现相对较高水平（6.36-6.67mg/min/kg）。骑车运动有训练者和无训练者脂肪氧化率在50-55%%VO2max强度阶段呈现相对较高的水平，分别为9.29-9.40mg/min/kg和4.91-4.99mg/min/kg；（2）相同强度（%VO2max）运动，有训练者脂肪氧化率高于无训练者，Fatmax和MFO也高于无训练者。跑台运动有训练者和无训练者Fatmax和MFO分别为63.95±3.16vs56.51±2.50%VO2max，（p<0.001）和13.04±1.82vs6.71±1.15mg/min/kg（p<0.001），骑车运动有训练者和无训练MFO分别为9.51±1.46mg/min/kg和5.09±1.21mg/min/kg（p<0.001）；（3）跑台运动有训练者和无训练者诱导脂肪氧化率达MFO的95%以上的强度分别为57.14-69.86%VO2max和48.21-65.41%VO2max强度范围，骑车运动有训练者和无训练者诱导脂肪氧化率达MFO的95%以上的强度分别为42.26-59.11%VO2max和47.11-56.52%VO2max范围；（4）相同摄氧量水平（VO2）训练者脂肪氧化率高于无训练者；（5）Fatmax、MFO、最大摄氧量之间存在一定正相关；（6）Fatmax与血乳酸累积点存在一定一致性。2（1）随着运动强度的增加，脂肪氧化率呈现先增加后减少的变化趋势。无训练年轻女性骑车运动时脂肪氧化率在50-60%VO2max强度阶段呈现相对较高水平（4.48-4.68mg/min/kg），跑步运动时脂肪氧化率在50-65%VO2max强度阶段脂肪氧化率呈现相对较高水平（6.36-6.67mg/min/kg）。（2）相同强度跑步运动脂肪氧化率高于骑车运动，Fatmax和MFO也高于骑车运动，分别为56.51±2.50%VO2maxvs53.18±3.25%VO2max（p<0.05）和6.71±1.15mg/min/kg vs4.74±1.67mg/min/kg（p<0.001）。3（1）男女跑步运动过程脂肪氧化率随着运动强度的增加均呈现先增加后减少的变化趋势。男女性脂肪氧化率均在60-65%VO2max强度阶段脂肪氧化率呈现较高水平，分别为10.76-10.80mg/min/kg和11.72-11.82mg/min/kg，去脂体重脂肪氧化率分别为12.41-12.49mg/min/kg FFM和15.94-16.07mg/min/kg FFM。（2）相同强度（%VO2max）女性脂肪氧化率均高于男性，相同摄氧量水平（VO2），女性脂肪氧化率也高于男性。MFO女性高于男性，分别为12.04±3.14vs10.96±2.40mg/min/kg和16.37±4.15vs12.62±2.87mg/min/kg FFM。Fatmax男女无显著差异，分别为64.38±4.09%VO2max和63.63±3.09%VO2max。（3）男性在57.27-69.04%VO2max强度范围、女性在57.39-70.68%VO2max强度范围运动脂肪氧化率可达MFO的95%以上，两者之间无显著差异。4（1）在Fatmax强度1小时运动过程中，糖氧化率随着运动时间的延长逐渐下降，男生在运动20分钟后开始出现明显下降，女生在运动30分钟后开始出现明显下降。（2）男女脂肪氧化率随着运动时间的增加逐渐增加，男生在运动至20分钟以后，女生在运动至30分钟后脂肪氧化率明显增加，脂肪氧化率明显高于前一阶段（P<0.05），环比值明显增加。（3）整个运动过程男生能量消耗水平相对稳定，但在运动50分钟以后，能量消耗开始出现一定增加，女生在运动前20分钟能量消耗明显增加，随后逐渐下降至稳定水平，并保持至运动结束。5（1）在Fatmax强度持续1小时跑运动过程中，后20min运动过程中脂肪氧化量明显高于前20min和中间20min，而糖的氧化量明显下降，但机体能耗水平基本稳定；在Fatmax强度间歇跑过程中，机体脂肪氧化量有随着运动组数的增加逐渐增加的趋势，糖的氧化量表现出随着运动组数的增加逐渐下降，第2、3个20min跑的能量消耗水平基本稳定但均低于第1个20min跑的能量消耗水平。从运动期来看，持续跑中间20min和后20min能耗分别高于间歇跑第2、3个20min的能耗。（2）持续跑恢复期机体糖氧化量、脂肪氧化量、总能耗随着恢复时间的延长均逐渐下降，但间歇跑后30min恢复期的脂肪氧化量与前面3个10min间歇恢复期（总和为30min）相比并未显著下降。从持续运动前30min恢复期与间歇运动前3个间歇恢复期（共30min）的比较来看，持续运动前30min恢复期的糖氧化量较低、脂肪氧化量较高，总能耗较低，但持续运动与间歇运动后30min恢复期的脂肪氧化量、糖氧化量、能耗量均无显著差异。（3）持续跑运动期能耗高于间歇跑运动期能耗，而恢复期能耗低于间歇运动恢复期能耗，但两种运动模式运动期和恢复期的总能耗水平无显著差异；从两种运动模式的底物代谢来看，与间歇运动恢复期相比，持续运动恢复期总的糖氧化量较低、脂肪氧化量较高，能耗较低；从运动期与恢复期的总和来看，似乎持续运动脂肪氧化量较高，糖氧化量较低（但无统计学意义）。6（1）在Fatmax强度持续跑与间歇跑的运动期和恢复期，两种运动模式的血糖水平和游离脂肪酸水平均无显著差异，变化趋势也基本相同，表现为开始阶段血糖浓度出现一定程度下降，FFA出现升高，随后均逐渐恢复。（2）Fatmax强度持续跑与间歇跑机体血浆去甲肾上腺素和胰岛素激素水平与运动前相比表现出小幅变化，但肾上腺素无明显变化。持续跑在运动至40min时胰岛素已出现下降，在运动后60min恢复至运动前水平。而间歇跑在第三个运动后（运动60min）胰岛素出现下降，在完成第3个运动后40min（总恢复60min）仍未恢复至运动前水平。持续跑与间歇跑运动期去甲肾上腺素水平均高于运动前水平，且在运动后可快速恢复。从整个运动期和恢复期来看，两种运动模式相同时间点的激素水平无显著差异。结论1从训练背景来看，相同强度（%VO2max）运动，训练者脂肪氧化率高于无训练者。训练者最大脂肪氧化强度和最大脂肪氧化率也高于无训练者，提示长期耐力训练可增强机体脂肪动员和氧化利用能力。从运动方式来看，相同强度跑步运动脂肪氧化率高于骑车运动，最大脂肪氧化强度和最大脂肪氧化率也高于骑车运动。提示在肥胖、糖尿病以及其它与脂肪代谢相关的疾病的运动干预中，采用跑步运动方式的干预效果可能会优于骑车。另外，在实践中采用跑步运动时，无训练年轻女性在50-65%VO2max强度范围，有训练年轻女性在60-70%VO2max强度范围均可促使机体脂肪氧化率达最大脂肪氧化率的95%以上。2相同强度运动女性脂肪氧化率高于男性，女性最大脂肪氧化率也高于男性，但最大脂肪氧化强度和诱导高水平脂肪氧化率的强度范围并无显著性别差异。3Fatmax强度长时间跑步运动过程中，男生脂肪氧化率快速增加的时间点在运动20min左右，女生脂肪氧化率快速增加的时间点在运动30min左右。4Fatmax强度长时间持续运动的运动期能耗高于间歇运动运动期能耗，恢复期能耗低于间歇运动恢复期能耗，但两者运动期和恢复期的总能耗基本一致。恢复期持续运动模式的脂肪氧化量较高，间歇运动模式的糖氧化量较高。另外，与运动前相比，Fatmax强度持续运动与间歇运动过程机体血浆去甲肾上腺素和胰岛素水平仅出现小幅变化，而肾上腺素无显著变化，提示，可能其它机制在Fatmax强度运动导致的高脂肪氧化率中具有重要调节作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 ObjectiveBased on the perspective of exercise intensity, this paper studied the effects oftraining, exercise mode (cycling and running) and gender on the fat oxidationkinetics，the exercise intensity eliciting maximal fat oxidation (Fatmax) and themaximum fat oxidation rate (MFO)；on the basis of this research, the characteristicof fatty oxidation kinetics during exercise for a long time at Fatmaxwas studied fromthe perspective of exercise duration in order to look for the turning point of fatoxidation rate increased dramatically；from perspective of exercise mode, furtherresearch on the energy consumption，fat metabolism and metabolic hormones duringcontinuous exercise and intermittent exercise at Fatmax，and discussed the mechanismof exercise and maximum fat oxidation.Methods124female college students (12trained and12untrained) and21male collegestudents (9trained and12untrained) performed their incremental treadmill exercisetest and incremental bicycle exercise test respectively, and the gas metabolism wasmeasured. The gas metabolism date in the last30seconds of each load was used tocalculate fat oxidation rate，and use a3rd polynomial fitting curve to determine fatoxidation kinetics, Fatmaxand MFO in order to study the effects of long-term trainingon fat oxidation kinetics, Fatmaxand MFO, at the same time, blood samples weretaken from9trained men’s finger in the last30seconds of each load to measure bloodlactate levels, to investigate the consistency of Fatmaxand blood lactate accumulationpoint.212female college students performed an incremental treadmill exercise test andan incremental bicycle exercise test respectively, and the gas metabolism wasmeasured. The gas metabolism date in the last30seconds of each load was used tocalculate fat oxidation rate，and use a3rd polynomial fitting curve to determine fatoxidation kinetics, Fatmaxand MFO in order to study the effects of exercisemode(cycling and running) on fat oxidation kinetics, Fatmaxand MFO.311male college students and12female college students performed an incrementaltreadmill exercise test, and the gas metabolism was measured. The gas metabolismdate in the last30seconds of each load was used to calculate fat oxidation rate，anduse a3rd polynomial fitting curve to determine fat oxidation kinetics, Fatmaxand MFOin order to study the effects of gender on fat oxidation kinetics, Fatmaxand MFO.416college students（8male and8female）performed an incremental treadmillexercise test, and the gas metabolism was measured. The gas metabolism date in thelast30seconds of each load was used to calculate fat oxidation rate，and use a3rdpolynomial fitting curve to determine fat oxidation kinetics and Fatmax, then running60min at Fatmax. The gas metabolism was measured during exercise for60min, andthe gas metabolism date was used to calculate fat oxidation rate, carbohydrateoxidation rate and energy consumption in order to study the fat oxidation kinetics andturning point of fat oxidation rate increased dramatically in duration exercise atFatmax.57female college students performed an incremental treadmill exercise test, andthe gas metabolism was measured. The gas metabolism date in the last30seconds ofeach load was used to calculate fat oxidation rate，and use a3rd polynomial fittingcurve to determine fat oxidation kinetics and Fatmax, then everyone performed two exercise tests at Fatmax:1)a single bout of60min running and60min rest.2)three boutsof20min running and60min rest, separated by a10-min rest between running bouts,the gas metabolism was measured during exercise, and the gas metabolism date wasused to calculate fat oxidation rate, carbohydrate oxidation rate and energyconsumption, at the same time, blood samples were drawn from elbow vein atdifferent time points in order to measure Glucose(GLU), free fatty acid(FFA),epinephrine(EPI), norepinephrine(NE) and insulin(INS), and to study the energyconsumption，fat metabolism and metabolic hormones during continuous exercise andintermittent exercise at Fatmax，and discussed the mechanism of exercise andmaximum fat oxidation.Results1(1) As exercise intensity increased，fat oxidation rate presents first increased andthen decreased trend. During running, the fat oxidation rates in60-70%VO2max showrelatively high level（12.20-12.84mg/min/kg）in trained women，and the fat oxidationrates in50-65%VO2max stage has a relative high level（6.36-6.67mg/min/kg）inuntrained women. During cycling, the fat oxidation rates in50-55%VO2max showrelatively high level（12.20-12.84mg/min/kg）in trained men and untrained men,respectively9.29-9.40mg/min/kg and4.91-4.99mg/min/kg;(2) In the same relativeintensity, the fat oxidation rate was higher in trained than that in untrained，and Fatmaxand MFO were higher in trained than those in untrained. Trained and untrained inFatmaxand MFO were63.95±3.16vs56.51±2.50%VO2max (p<0.001) and13.04±1.82vs6.71±1.15mg/min/kg (p<0.001) in running, trained and untrained inMFO were9.51±1.46mg/min/kg and5.09±1.21mg/min/kg（p<0.001）in cycling;(3)The fat oxidation rate were more than95%MFO for trained in57.14-69.86%VO2maxand for untrained in48.21-65.41%VO2max in running. the fat oxidation rate weremore than95%MFO for trained in42.26-59.11%VO2max and for untrained in47.11-56.52%VO2max in cycling;(4) At the same oxygen uptake level (VO2), fatoxidation rate is higher in trained than those in untrained;(5) There are certainpositive correlation between the maximal fat oxidation rate，Fatmaxand maximaloxygen uptake;(6) The Fatmaxand blood lactate accumulation point exists aconsistency.2(1) As exercise intensity increased，fat oxidation rate presents first increased andthen decreased trend. For trained women, the fat oxidation rates in50-60%VO2maxshow relatively high level （4.48-4.68mg/min/kg） in cycling, and which in50-65%VO2max stage has a relative high level（6.36-6.67mg/min/kg）in running.(2)At the same exercise intensity, fat oxidation rate of running is higher than that ofcycling, and the Fatmaxand MFO were also higher than that of cycling, respectively56.51±2.50%VO2max vs53.18±3.25%VO2max (p<0.05) and6.71±1.15mg/min/kgvs4.74±1.67mg/min/kg (p<0.001).3(1) As exercise intensity increased，fat oxidation rate presents first increased andthen decreased trend for men and women. The fat oxidation rates in60-65%VO2maxshow relatively high level （4.48-4.68mg/min/kg） in running, respectively10.76-10.80mg/min/kg for men and11.72-11.82mg/min/kg for women, andrespectively12.41-12.49mg/min/kg FFM for men and15.94-16.07mg/min/kg FFMfor women.(2) At the same intensity (%VO2max), fat oxidation rates of women washigher than that of men, and fat oxidation rate of women was higher than that of maleat the same level of oxygen uptake. MFO was higher in women than in men, were 12.04±3.14vs10.96±2.40mg/min/kg and16.37±4.15vs12.62±2.87mg/min/kgFFM. There was no significant difference in Fatmaxbetween men and women, were64.38±4.09%VO2max and63.63±3.09%VO2max.(3) The fat oxidation rate weremore than95%MFO in57.27-69.04%VO2max for man and in57.39-70.68%VO2maxfor women in running, which is no significant difference.4(1) In the exercise for60min at Fatmax, carbohydrate oxidation rate decreasedgradually with time prolonging. The men began to decrease after20min of exercise,the women began to decrease obviously after30min of exercise.(2) The fat oxidationrate increases with time gradually increased for exercise, the men after20minutes,the women after30minutes, the fat oxidation rate increases obviously, fat oxidationrate was significantly higher than that of the previous stage (P<0.05).(3) The energyconsumption level is relatively stable for men in whole period of exercise, but whichbegan to increase after exercise for50minutes. The energy consumption increased forwomen in front of the20min for60min exercise, then decreased gradually to a stablelevel, and keep to the end of the exercise.5(1) The fat oxidation rate of the last20min in continuous running for60min atFatmaxis higher than that in the first20min and second20min, and carbohydrateoxidation rate decreased, but the energy consumption level basically stable. The fatoxidation rate in the intermittent running at Fatmaxis gradually increasing with boutincreasing, and carbohydrate oxidation rate gradually decreased with increase in bout,but the energy consumption level were lower in the second bout and third bout thanthe first bout. The energy consumption of the middle20min and last20min for60mincontinuous running were higher than that of the second bout and third bout forintermittent running.(2) The fat oxidation rate, carbohydrate oxidation rate and totalenergy consumption were gradually decreased with the recovery time prolong ofcontinuous60min running, however the fat oxidation rate did not significantlydecreased with the recovery time prolong of intermittent60min running. Thecarbohydrate oxidation and energy consumption of the first30min recovery stage ofcontinuous running was lower than that of3recovery interval of intermittent running,but the fat oxidation of the first30min recovery stage of continuous running washigher than that of3recovery interval of intermittent running. There was nosignificant difference was found about the fat oxidation rate, carbohydrate oxidationrate and total energy consumption of the end30min recovery period between the twoexercise modes.(3) The energy consumption in the exercise period of continuousexercise is higher than that of intermittent exercise, the energy consumption in therecovery period of continuous exercise is lower than that of intermittent exercise, butthe total energy consumption for exercise period and recovery period were nosignificant differences between the two exercise modes. In the recovery period, the fatoxidation of continuous running is higher than that of intermittent running, thecarbohydrate oxidation and energy consumption of continuous running is lower thanthat of intermittent running. The total fat oxidation for exercise period and recoveryperiod in continuous exercise seems to been higher than that in intermittent exercise,but the total carbohydrate oxidation seems to been lower than that in intermittentexercise.6(1) the blood GLU and FFA are no significant difference between continuousrunning and intermittent running at Fatmaxduring exercise period and recovery period,and the change trends of blood GLU and FFA are same between continuous runningand intermittent running. In the beginning of exercise, GLU concentration decreasedand FFA increased, then they gradually restore.(2) Compared with before the exercise,plasma NE and INS levels had a small change in continuous exercise and intermittent exercise at Fatmax, but the EPI levels have no significant change. INS appeared adecrease in40min for continuous running, and returned to the pre-exercise level in60min after exercise. INS appeared a decrease in60min for intermittent running, andhad not been returned to the pre-exercise level by recovery for60min. Plasma NElevels were higher than those before exercise in continuous running and intermittentrunning period, and recovery quickly. On the entire exercise period and recoveryperiod, no significant differences in hormone levels of the same point in time betweenthe two exercise modes was found.Conclusion1From the training background, at the same intensity (%VO2max), the fat oxidationrate is higher in trained than that in untrained，the Fatmaxand MFO are also higher intrained man than those in untrained man, suggest that long-term endurance trainingcan enhance the fat mobilization and oxidation capacity. From the exercise mode, atthe same intensity, the fat oxidation rate is higher in running than in cycling，theFatmaxand MFO are also higher in running than those in cycling, suggest that runningmay be better than cycling in the intervention of obesity, diabetes and other associatedwith fat metabolism disorders. In addition, the fat oxidation rate can reach more than95%MFO in running at the range of50-65%VO2max for untrained young women,and the fat oxidation rate can reach more than95%MFO in running at the range of60-70%VO2max for trained young women2The fat oxidation rate is higher in women than in men at the same intensity, and theMFO of women is also higher than that of men, but the Fatmaxand the range ofintensity that induce high fat oxidation rate are similar in men and women.3In prolonged running at Fatmax, the fat oxidation rate increase rapidly after exercisefor about20min in men, and after exercise for about30min in women.4In the exercise period, the energy consumption of the continuous running is higherthan that of the intermittent running. In the recovery period, the energy consumptionof the continuous running is lower than that of the intermittent running. But the totalenergy consumption of exercise period and recovery period are similar in the twoexercise mode. In the recovery period, the fat oxidation of continuous running ishigher than that of intermittent running, and the carbohydrate oxidation of continuousrunning is lower than that of intermittent running. In addition, compared with beforethe exercise, the plasma norepinephrine and insulin hormone levels only slightlychange, and epinephrine had no significant change in continuous running andintermittent running at Fatmax, suggest the high fat oxidation rate at Fatmaxmay be theresult of other mechanisms.更多还原