【作者】 方正；

【导师】 刘礼堂；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 中国古典文献学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 湖北文化发展有三大重镇：春秋战国时期的荆州；东汉三国时期的襄阳；明代的黄州府。明代黄州府的人口数、进士人数、书院数以及《湖北艺文志》及其《补遗》中的著作人数等均居湖北省首位。明代黄州府教育发达,文化勃兴,人才蔚起,一流大师云集,四大名著巧结鄂东缘,思想学术领一时之风骚,李时珍的《本草纲目》与李贽在黄安、麻城的惊世骇俗之论是明代科技与人文的双子星座,黄州府成为湖北的人文重镇。在某种意义上说,明代黄州府人文鼎盛是建立在县域文化发达的基础上,特别是北部的麻城,南部的蕲州,中部的黄冈。明代鄂东地域形成了三大文化圈：一是北部的黄安—麻城,二是中部的黄冈—蕲水,三是南部的蕲春—黄梅—广济；鄂东地域形成了四大文化中心：科举的中心,进步哲学的中心,进步文学的中心,医药学的中心。这种人文气象的形成是地缘政治、历史积淀、经济发展、教育以及结社讲学之风等诸多因素共同作用的结果。黄州地域文化有一个兴起、发展、繁荣、消亡(再生)的过程,明代的黄州文化可以说是传统文化的繁荣期,具有生命的张力,虽然,清代黄州文化仍然在湖北处于领先地位,但是已经僵化,而清末民国是东西文化激荡,是传统向现代的转换期。黄州府并非湖北的中心城市,在明代却成为湖北的人文重镇,对这种人文气象形成的文化生态的探讨,无论是区域文化史的研究还是当下的文化建设都意义重大。本文分五章对明代黄州府人文重镇形成的文化生态展开探讨。第一章是概论,探讨明代黄州府成为湖北人文重镇的外部条件。在政治上,明代黄州府有两个明显变化,一是武昌成为湖北的区域中心,黄州府毗邻武昌,一变千年的不利局面,获得区位优势；二是“蕲黄合一”,鄂东地域改变了自秦汉以来两州分治的局面,这种统一局面有利于内部人员往来、物资的交流和文化的互动,有利于鄂东地域整体实力的提升。“江西填湖广”的移民潮,不仅为鄂东的经济开发提供了大量劳动力；同时,自宋代以来,江西是中国文化发达之域,江西移民优化了鄂东的人口结构,提高了鄂东的人口素质,有利于鄂东教育文化的发展。随着经济重心的转移,明代出现了“湖广熟,天下足”局面,鄂东之沿江平原位于粮食生产发达之域；明代中期,汉口兴盛,“鄂东五水”通过长江与汉口相连,在鄂东地域形成了辐射四方的交通网,推动了鄂东集散型农业的发展,鄂东经济出现了前所未有的繁荣局面,黄州府由以前的下等州府一跃为上等州府,经济是文化繁荣的基础。第二章探讨的是黄州何以成为湖北的科举中心。本章以麻城为个案,探讨明代麻城科举兴盛的文化生态。明代黄州府进士人数居湖北省第一位,而麻城的进士人数在湖北省所有州县中居第一位,超过了襄阳等府的进士总数,因此,以麻城为个案,具有典型性。明代麻城科举的兴盛,首先得益于麻城外销型农业的发展、世家大族土地和财富的积累。经济上的优势并不能马上转化为科举的成功,明代麻城后期的进士人数远远高于明代前期,表明经济上的成功到科举的成功需要一个过程。经济上的成功到科举的成功,其中的关键是教育,麻城的世家大族通过兴办书院,延请名师讲学,极大地提高了麻城科举的成功率,特别是冯梦龙的春秋学和李贽的苏学与麻城科举的成功关系甚大。第三章研究的是黄州何以在晚明成为进步哲学的中心。宋明理学有三个里程碑,分别以“天理”、“良知”、“童心”为最高范畴,而以“童心”为最高范畴的哲学体系,正是李贽的创造,而成就李贽的是鄂东的山水与人文。明代鄂东王学左派学术空气浓厚,黄安、麻城是学术高地,王学左派的著名人物先后来鄂东讲学。李贽来鄂东后,在他周围形成一个有凝聚力、向心力的集结体,与当时的文化中心南京和北京互动,与天下著名学者互通声息,李贽与耿定向的论争是李贽进步哲学观形成的关键。第四章探讨的是明代黄州府诗文创作繁荣及诗文风格形成的原因。本章首先描写了明代鄂东诗文创作整体概貌,接着以文本解读为中心,除了对明代鄂东著名的士大夫之诗文进行研究外,还运用民间视角,对明代鄂东的闺妇和歌姬的诗文进行了重点考察,为了避免这种个案研究和民间视角所带来的平庸化与碎片化,在研究中,笔者在突出地方文学特色的同时,注重突出地域特色与明代中后期主流诗坛公安派与竟陵派的互动。明代鄂东文学创作的繁荣与诗文风格的特色是建立在鄂东文化积淀的基础之上,明代鄂东文人的结社讲学之风与李贽所倡导的“童心说”是鄂东楚风兴盛最为关键的因素。第五章探讨的是黄州何以成为明代湖北医药学的中心。湖北医药文化历史悠久,肇始于原始社会,形成于战国到秦汉,发展于三国两晋南北朝、隋、唐、宋、元,兴盛于明清,在汉晋之间的荆襄和明清之际的鄂东,曾形成两大高峰。本章首先运用计量学方法,从定量上考察,明代黄州府无论医学人物还是医学著作均居湖北省第一位,而在湖北省各个县中,蕲春的医学人物最多,达12人,比汉阳府、襄阳府、郧阳府、德安府每一个府的人数总和还多,李时珍是其中的杰出代表；罗田医学著作最多,达29部,全部是万密斋一个人的著作,超过了武昌府、汉阳府、承天府、襄阳府、郧阳府、德安府、荆州府每一个府的医学著作总数。李时珍和万密斋在药物学和医学上的伟大贡献是鄂东由医药中心走向医药学中心的关键。在探讨鄂东医药学中心形成的文化生态时,采用个案研究,主要以李时珍及其《本草纲目》为考察中心,探讨李时珍成就《本草纲目》的自然和社会条件。更多还原

【Abstract】 Three important cultural towns were formed in the cultural development of Hubei Province:Jingzhou in The Spring and Autumn Period and The Warring States Period;Xiangyang in the Eastern Han and Three Kingdoms; Huangzhou in the Ming Dynasty. Huangzhou Prefecture in Hubei Province in the Ming Dynasty ranked first in its population, the number of chinshih(jinshi), the number of ancient academies of classical learning and the number of the authors who made contributions to the Hubei Literary Records and its Addendum, etc.. With its highly-developed education and culture, Hunagzhou has seen talents and masters in large numbers."The Four Great Classical Novels" were associated with the eastern region of Hubei Province; Academic thoughts were the most advanced at that time; The Compendium of Materia Medica by Li Shizhen and the astonishing speech made in Huang’an and Macheng by Li Zhi, were the "Gemini" in science, technology and humanity and therefore Huangzhou Prefecture became the important Town of Humanity. In some way, the cultural prosperity was based on the flourishing culture of the counties, especially Macheng in the north, Qizhou in the south, and Huanggang in the middle. In the Ming Dynasty, in the eastern region of the Hubei Province, three major cultural circles were established:Huang’an-Macheng in the north, Huanggang-Qishui in the middle and Qichun-Huangmei-Guangji in the south; In the eastern region of the Hubei Province, four cultural centers were formed:the center of the Imperial Examinations, the center of advanced philosophy, the center of developed literature and the center of medicine. The formation of the humane atmosphere was determined by its geopolitics, historical precipitation, economic development, education, ethos of giving lectures after forming an academic association and some other factors. The regional culture in Huangzhou experienced rise, development, prosperity and extinction(regeneration). The culture of Huangzhou Prefecture in the Ming Dynasty was in its prime as the traditional culture and had shown a great vitality. Although the culture of Huangzhou Prefecture in the Qing Dynasty was in the leading position, it had become rigid; while the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China were the times when the Eastern Culture and the Western Culture agitated each other and traditional culture was transformed into modern culture. Although Huangzhou Prefecture was not the center in Hubei Province, it became an important Town of Humanity in the Ming Dynasty, which has a great significance to both the research of regional culture and present cultural development from the cultural and ecological study into the formation of the humanity atmosphere. This article consists of five chapters and focuses on the formation of the important Town of Humanity.The first chapter is the outline, mainly discussing the external conditions of how Huangzhou Prefecture became the important town of humanity in the Ming Dynasty. In politics, there were two obvious changes in Huangzhou Prefecture:Wuchang became the regional center of Hubei Province and Huangzhou Prefecture was adjacent to Wuchang, therefore changing the unfavorable situation which has existed for thousand years and obtaining advantages in region; Qizhou and Huangzhou were unified, and the situation formed in Qin and Han Dynasties was changed. The unified situation has contributed to the communication of the people at home, the interflow of goods and commodities and the interaction of cultures, improving the overall strength in the east of Hubei Province. Large population from Jiangxi Province immigrated into Hubei and Hunan Provinces, which not only provided lots of labor force for the economic development, but also optimized the population structure, improved the population quality and benefited the development of education and culture in Hubei Province, as Jiangxi Province was an area where culture was advanced.In the Ming Dynasty, agriculture transferred from Jiangsu&Zhejiang Provinces. A situation when Huguang had a Bumper crop, the country would be free from hunger. Food production was prosperous and the plains along the Yangtze River were among the areas where food production was prosperous. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Hankou(the river outlet of Han River) was very developed and five rivers in the east of Hubei Province were connected to Hankou by the Yangtze River, forming a river net similar to the highway system now and promoting the development of the export economy. The economy of the east of Hubei has seen a flourish and Huangzhou turned into a superior prefecture from an inferior one in a short time. Economy was the basis of the cultural prosperity.Chapter two explores why Huangzhou became the center of Imperial Examinations. This chapter takes Macheng as an example and probes into the cultural ecology of the popularity of imperial examinations. The number of scholars in Huangzhou Prefecture ranked first in Hubei Province and the number of scholars in Macheng was the highest among all the counties of Hubei Province, surpassing the number in Xiangyang and other prefectures, and therefore Macheng was a typical example. The popularity of imperial examinations in Macheng in the Ming Dynasty first benefited from the development of export economy and the accumulation of wealth and land of some Big Families. The advantage of economy couldn’t lead to the success of imperial examinations in a short time. The number of scholars in Macheng in late Ming Dynasty was far larger than in early Ming Dynasty and this indicated that it was a long time before the success of economy brought about the success of imperial examinations and during this period the key was education. Big families in Macheng established academies of classical learning and invited reputable masters to give lectures, improving the success rate of imperial examinations. The Spring and Autumn Annals by Feng Menglong and Suology by Li Zhi had much to do with the success of Imperial Examinations in particular.The third chapter studies how Huangzhou Prefecture became the center of advanced philosophy in late Ming Dynasty. There were three milestones in Neo-Confucianism of Song and Ming Dynasties, the highest categories of which were heavenly principles, intuitive knowledge and childlike innocence respectively and the philosophy whose highest category was childlike innocence was created by Li Zhi. It was the mountains and rivers and humanity in the east of Hubei Province that brought up Li Zhi. In the Ming Dynasty in the east of Hubei Province, leftish Wang Yangming doctrine sprang up and as Huang’an and Macheng were Academic Highlands, famous scholars came to the east of Hubei Province to give lectures early or late. After Li Zhi came here, one organization with cohesive force and centripetal force came into being and interacted with cultural centers as Beijing and Nanjing and communicated with famous scholars from around the country. Li Zhi’s academic debate with Geng Dingxiang was the key to the formation of his advanced philosophy.Chapter four talks about the reasons for the prosperity of poetic creation and the formation of prose style. This chapter first represented the general of poetic creation in the east of Hubei Province in the Ming Dynasty and then studies the poetry of women and female entertainers in the east of Hubei Province in folk vision as well as studies the poetry by the scholar officials in the east of Hubei Province in the Ming Dynasty by analyzing the text. In order to avoid mediocre and fragmentation brought about by case study and folk vision, in the study, the author not only highlighted the local literature but also stressed the regional characteristics and the interaction of the mainstream poetic world Gong’an School and Jingling School in mid&late Ming Dynasty. The prosperity of literary creation and the prose style were based upon the culture of the east of Hubei Province; associations&lectures and theory of preserving childlike innocence proposed by Li Zhi were the key factors in the popularity of Chu spirit in the east of Hubei Province.The fifth chapter explores why the Huangzhou Prefecture became the medical center of Hubei Province. Medical culture in Hubei has a long history and can date back to the primitive society, formed from Warring States Period and the Qin and Han Dynasties and developed in Sui, Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, forming two peaks in Jingzhou and Xiangyang in Han and Jin Dynasties and in the east of Hubei Province in Ming and Qing Dynasties respectively. This chapter surveys from the perspective of quantity by using bibliometric methods and finds out that both the number of medical figures and the number of medical works in Huangzhou Prefecture ranked first in Hubei Province. Among all the counties of Hubei Province, Qichun enjoyed the largest number of medical figures and the number was12, surpassing the number in Hanyang, Xiangyang, Yunyang, De’an Prefectures; Li Shizhen was one of the excellent medical figures. The number of medical works, which were all written by Wan Mizhai in Luotian, was the largest and reached29, exceeding the number of the medical works in Wuchang, Hanyang, Chengtian, Xiangyang, Yunyang, De’an and Jingzhou Prefectures. Li Shizhen and Wan Mizhai’s contributions to pharmacology and medicine were very important for the medicine in the east of Hubei Province. On the survey into the ecological culture for the formation of the medical center in the east of Hubei Province, this chapter explores the natural and social conditions on which Li Shizhen wrote Compendium of Materia Medica, with case study employed on Li Shizhen and his Compendium of Materia Medica.更多还原