两汉经济生活诸问题考论

【作者】 杨国誉；

【导师】 汤惠生；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 专门史， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 秦汉社会转型变局之下,士人群体传统食禄模式遭遇困境与冲突,两汉士大夫为此作出因应与调整,形成新的食禄心态与取向。这一独特食禄心态的表现包括：“仕不为禄”,不贪恋禄位,轻去就；“禄不为己”,对自身食禄的清教主义态度；多分俸之举,“泰于待贤,狭于养己”。两汉士人在俸禄使用中的节俭倾向,很大程度上来源于当时“崇俭抑奢”的社会风尚。这一风尚的形成,并非简单的“上行”与“下效”的因果关系,而是经历了从自发到自觉、从“注意上”到“注意下”、从号召到风尚的漫长历史发展过程,是包括皇室、士人、官员以及普通民众在内的社会各阶层共同参与和努力的结果。作为当时官员的另一重要收入来源,两汉赏赐行为的出现,是特定时代和理论背景下的产物,同时又有着其基于现实需要的经济和政治合理性,并在施行过程中形成了其自身的若干特点,成为掌控于最高统治者手中的独特工具。两汉时代的地下与地上文献材料中蕴含着有关当时不同秩级官员俸额的具体线索、当时衣食价格的丰富实例以及边地口粮供应的系统记录。籍此可定量推测两汉官员与自耕农的经济收入状况并进行相关比较。前后汉官员的俸额比较显示,东汉相对于西汉,六百石以上官员俸额的减少以及六百石以下官员俸额的增加都十分明显；西汉官员体额的级别悬殊明显大于东汉；无论西汉还是东汉,内地官员因当地谷价相对较低,实际俸禄收入都会超过边地官员；两汉高级官员的月俸收入高低按西汉内地、西汉边地、东汉内地、东汉边地的顺序排列；低级官员方面,西汉边地官员的实际收入相对最低,东汉边地与内地官员的收入普遍高于西汉边地官员。两汉官员的俸禄收入与自耕农收入的比较显示,西汉二百石以下、东汉比二百石以下的官吏都带有“半官半民”的性质。两汉官员与明代官员的俸额对比显示,汉代低级官员的俸给比公认“薄俸”的明代官员还要低上一些,对“明俸最薄”的观点要辩证看待。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the transformation situation between the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty, the salary-using tradition of intellectuals confronts troubles and conflicts. According to this, intellectuals of that time did some adjustment conforming new salary-using attitude and orientation.The special salary-using attitude concludes:being government officer is not for salary; the salary is not for self; the share of salary. The thrifty tendency of literati in salary using depends on the society tradition of refrain from luxury and uphold frugality. The conforming of this tradition is not just casual relationship between"Shangxing"and "Xiaxiao" but also experienced the long historical development process from spontaneous action to conscious activity, from "Zhuyishang" to "Zhuyixia" and from calling to fashion. This is the result of the participation of all people from each class in society including imperial family, literati, officers and normal people. As another important earning source, the rewarding behavior is not only the result of the special dynasty and theory background, but also for realistic economic and political reasonability. At the same time, it conforms some characteristics in the operation process, becoming the unique tool of the highest governer. The literature materials for the time has the specific clues about the salary of officers with different levels, the amount examples of the prices of cereals and clothes and the grain supply recording. These show the salary situation of the officer families in different aspects. The medium farmer of the time can maintain adequate food and clothing, continuous reproduction and gain some profits. Compared with income of the Han Dynasty famers, the Ming Dynasty officers and the Han Dynasty officers, it is shown clealy that the Eastern Han Dynasty’s officers with level higher than "六百石" earn less and the officers with level lower than "六百石" earn more than the officers of Western Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty officers with level less than "二百石" have the half-farmer character. The Han Dynasty officers of low level earn the salary which is less than the Ming Dynasty officers who have the acknowledged obviously low salary.更多还原