海外华人民族文化传承研究

【作者】 雷有光；

【导师】 王军；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 中国少数民族教育， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 海外华人是中华民族移居海外的一部分,是中华民族的优秀儿女。目前3000多万海外华人分布于全球五大洲的100多个国家和地区,他们在异国他乡顽强生存,与当地人民和睦共处,同甘共苦,为居住国的经济和社会发展做出了贡献,同时也为中华文化的传播做出了贡献。二战后海外华人大多已加入居住国国籍,在身份上从“客人”转变为“主人”,在文化认同和心态上实现了从“从叶落归根”到“落地生根”的转变,但海外华人在血缘和文化上仍与祖国保持着千丝万缕的联系,中华文化在海外华人社会仍然得到有效地传承和发展,华人文化已经成为中华文化中不可分割、独具特色的重要组成部分。对中华文化优秀因子的传承和发扬不仅维系着海外华人共同的文化认知和心理归属,使华人具有鲜明的族群特色,也帮助获得了更广阔的发展空间。美国是除亚洲外华人人口最多的地区,在近200年的历史发展中,华人不仅努力融入美国主流社会,还积极传承中华文化,成为海外华人世界一支重要的文化力量。本研究以美国密西西比州杰城华人为个案,借鉴人类学田野工作的方式,综合运用问卷、参与观察、访谈等方法,深入杰城华人社区,在丰富的第一手资料基础上对研究对象的行为和思想进行观察和分析,对杰城华人传承中华文化的现状、问题、特点以及文化传承的机制进行了描述和阐释,期望通过对杰城华人文化传承和教育策略的分析对海外华人的民族文化传承问题进行探讨,揭示文化认同与文化选择在民族文化传承中的重要作用以及对远离母体文化的群体及其文化生存发展的重要意义。本研究共分五章：第一章绪论,阐释了选题的缘由以及研究的目的和意义,从海外华人移民入手对近年来有关美国华人的研宄成果进行了介绍、综述和分析,阐明本论文主要使用的研究理论和研究方法以及研究实施的步骤,并对核心概念进行了界定。第二章走进美国华人,以历史和社会变迁为线索,对华人移民美国的历程和当前华人的特点进行梳理和总结,分析上世纪60年代后的华人新移民对美国华人社区变迁产生的重大影响,并对美国中文学校的产生、发展以及密西西比州杰城华人的情况进行了论述和介绍。第三章杰城华人民族文化传承的田野调查,通过对社会融入情况、语言的适应与选择、民族文化的选择与传承、对下一代教育与职业的期望以及文化认同和族裔身份认同的调查展示杰城华人传承民族文化的现实图景并对其特点进行了阐释和分析。第四章杰城华人民族文化传承的教育策略,以参与观察和深入访谈呈现华人在中文学校、家庭生活、社区活动中保存和传承民族文化付出的努力以及所选择的教育策略对民族文化传承与发展的作用与意义。第五章结论与思考,在对前文分析和总结的基础上,认为杰城华人的生活世界分为公共领域、次公共领域和私人领域,公共领域是华人参与和融入美国社会的场域,在公共领域形成对美国主流社会的认同,在次公共领域和私人领域,华人则保持着自身的文化传统、生活方式和价值观念,维系着对中华文化的认同。与此对应,华人生活中的教育可分为公共教育体系和次公共教育体系,在公共教育体系,华人接受公民教育,形成对居住国社会文化的认同,在次公共教育体系,华人接受民族文化的教育,形成对中华文化的认同,而华人家庭作为教育策略选择的主体,决定着下一代民族文化传承的走向和发展。最后,论文就族群认同、文化认同、文化选择与海外华人的民族文化传承的关系进行了思考,认为对中华文化的认同不仅是海外华人作为一个族群存在的基础,也是中华文化能够得以传承和发展的源泉和动力,传承中华文化的过程也是对其进行选择和创造的过程,这种选择与创造使华人适应异文化的能力不断增强,并发展出多彩的华人文化。更多还原

【Abstract】 As a part of Chinese people who are living in other countries, the overseas Chinese are the most distinguished. About30million overseas Chinese spread their footprints around more than100countries and areas in the five continents. They managed to live and fight with troubles; they do as the Romans do; they share fate and bite the bullets; they devoted to the local economy and social progressing as well as the dissemination of Chinese culture. Most of the overseas Chinese got the residence country’s citizenship after the World War II, although they changed from "guest" to "host" in the role they played, from "go back to where they were born" to "start a new life in where they arrived" in the cultural recognition and mindset, they still keep an endless bond with the motherland both in blood tie and culture. As a result of this, Chinese culture has been carried on and inherited effectively among the overseas Chinese, and the ethnic Chinese culture has also become the inseparable and special main part. To inherit and develop the Chinese culture not only maintain the cultural recognition and the relations of the overseas Chinese, make them find more typical characters and make more room for the culture’s continued development as well.Apart from Asia, the United States has the most overseas Chinese, who are eager to become part of the upper society and spread Chinese culture in its approximately200years history. In this study, I take a case from Chinese people who lived in Jackson, Mississippi of United States, following the way of fieldwork in anthropology, combining with questionnaire, visiting and interview. By doing this, I could be acquainted with the Chinese community, watch and analyze the target’s behavior and thoughts based on the abundant original information, describe and define the state, problem, characteristic and mechanism of the culture inheritance of the people in Jackson. I hope to discuss the national cultural inheritance of overseas Chinese after the analysis of the Jackson’s case and the education strategy, and then to show the importance of cultural recognition and choice in the inheritance progress, also the significant meaning to those groups who stay far away from their parents body and their culture existence and develop. There are five chapters in this study:Chapter one is introduction, in this part, I explained why I choose this subject and the purpose and meaning of the study. I started from the overseas immigrants, then introduce, summarize, and analyze the studies of American Chinese, also define my study theory, methods and procedures and pick the key words.Chapter two, get know of American Chinese, following the historical and social development, summarize the stories of Chinese immigrants and their characteristics. Analyze the influence of the new immigrants to the local Chinese community in late1960s. Introduce and expound the appearance and development of the Chinese language school, basic information of Chinese people in Jackson, US.Chapter three, do the fieldwork of how Chinese people in Jackson inherit their culture. I have done research about how they make themselves part of the local society, which language they choose and how well they do, which nationality they prefer and grow with them, how they teach their offspring and their expectation toward profession, cultural and ethnic group’s identity recognition. Define and analyze the current situation of their cultural inheritance.Chapter four, Education strategy of Chinese’s national culture heritage in Jackson. By using methods of participate observation and in-depth interviews present Chinese’ effort to preserve and inheriting the national culture in Chinese school, family life, community activities and their education strategy how to impact on the development of national culture inheritance.Chapter Five, The last part is the conclusion and thinking. Based on previous researches, the paper argues that the life world of Chinese in Jackson divided into the public sphere, sub-public sphere and the personal sphere. In the public sphere, Chinese participate and fit into the American society and identify with the mainstream of American society. In sub-public sphere and the personal sphere, Chinese remain their own culture tradition, life style and concept of value. And the corresponding, The Chinese education can be divided into public education system and the sub-public education system. In the public education system, Chinese accept civil education and identify with the social culture of country of residence. In the sub-public education system, Chinese accept education of ethnic culture and identify with Chinese culture.Chinese family is the main body to choose education strategy and decides the direction and the development of next generation’s national culture inheritance. Finally, this paper analyzes the relationship of ethnic identity, cultural identity, cultural choice and the overseas Chinese national culture inheritance. The identity of the Chinese culture is not only the fundamental of overseas Chinese as a group, but also the source and power of inheritance and development of Chinese culture. The process of inheriting Chinese culture is also the process of choice and the creative culture. This process enhanced the Chinese’ability to adapt to different culture and produced the colorful Chinese culture.更多还原