【作者】 刘剑；

【导师】 傅惠生；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 超文本指包含两种以上的符号系统并由超链接连接各符号元素的多线性电子文本。对于翻译活动而言,一方面,由无数超文本(网页)构成的互联网构成了译者新的工作环境,另一方面,现阶段,以超文本作为工作对象的“本地化”已经成为全球语言服务的主流,人类的翻译活动已经发生了深刻的变化。本研究主要以传统翻译模式作为比照,探讨了超文本语境下翻译形态的变化,并分析了这种变化对翻译活动与翻译研究带来的深远影响,在此基础上,还尝试从信息视角透过“多维符号转换”现象去解析翻译的过程及其本质,并进一步分析了“符际翻译”拓展到“非语言符号转换”的可行性。本论文重点研究了以下内容：超文本的主要特点及其对现代翻译活动的影响、超文本语境下翻译伦理的变化、超文本语境下技术因素对翻译的影响、本地化中“多维符号转换”的特点及规律、符际翻译拓展到“非语言符号转换”的可行性等。研究结果表明,相对于传统纸质文本翻译,超文本语境下的翻译在文本形态、翻译伦理、翻译技术、翻译过程、翻译主体、翻译模式、译者认知等方面都发生了较大的变化。由于翻译工具(翻译记忆工具与机器翻译等)的广泛应用以及文本的多模态性质,译者的认知过程也已发生了改变。基于超文本语境下“多维符号转换”现象的分析以及信息视角下对“符际翻译”的研究表明,翻译的本质其实就是“信息跨越符号边界的流动”,信息是符号转换的“内核”,不仅自然语言符号之间可以相互转换,非自然语言符号之间也可以进行转换,不同的符号系统之间也可以实现“符际转换”。“翻译”与“语言”的概念原本就适用于非自然语言符号,将“符际翻译”拓展到“非语言符号转换”具有一定的可行性。超文本的多线性、虚拟性、多模态、交互性等特征对翻译活动产生了重要影响。超文本的多线性特征使得需要翻译的内容被计算机代码分割,造成了翻译的“去语境化”,使翻译变得更为困难,容易造成误译。交互性特征则改变了传统翻译主体模式中“作者-译者-读者”之间的关系。译文的“虚拟出版”则使得超文本语境下的翻译必须考虑搜索引擎优化,而这又直接影响到译者对译文的选择。在“符号消费”的背景下,超文本语境下的翻译更加关注数字产品的“用户体验”,用户体验成为翻译的重要目标。译者的工作状态在超文本语境下也发生了较大的变化,译者工作日趋复杂化,对互联网的依赖日益加深。在超文本语境下,翻译伦理也发生了改变。翻译伦理研究实际上经历了由“忠实伦理”、“差异伦理”到“翻译职业伦理”研究的转变。超文本语境下,作者与译者的集体化、“国际化”步骤对原文的“阉割”、本地化对目的语文化的“一味妥协”、众包翻译对翻译主体关系的颠覆等,都对翻译伦理构成了直接挑战。随着翻译职业化、产业化程度的加深,需要进一步加强对翻译职业伦理的探索。超文本语境下,技术因素对翻译造成了极大的影响,甚至改变了翻译的本来面貌。翻译对象的数字化、复杂化是电子工具得以应用的前提,而翻译商业化、产业化则催生了电子工具的研发与使用。翻译记忆工具、机器翻译以及其他翻译辅助工具的大量使用在提高翻译效率的同时,也改变了翻译的认知模式,影响了译者主体性的发挥。翻译记忆对译文的“克隆”以及“机器翻译+人工编辑”模式使得超文本语境下的翻译表现为一种“去主体化”的倾向,已经很难辨别到底是“机助人译”还是“人助机译”。电子工具实际上是译者主体的异化,传统人类译者正经历着向“电子译者”(Cyborg translator)的转变。以超文本为工作对象的本地化过程中出现的“多维符号转换”现象,表明自然语言符号翻译与非自然语言符号转换之间一定存在某种相通之处。符号是信息的抽象载体,而翻译是符号的本质属性,因为任何符号存在都依赖其它符号对其的阐释。信息是反映事物结构的时空秩序,具有客观性,是世界的本质属性之一,它并不依赖人的意识而存在,但是人却可以通过符号实现信息的感知、储存与传播。文字符号化其实是一个由高维符号向低维符号的“去图像化”过程,是信息表征的过程,而文字符号的解读则是一个逆向的“再图像化”过程,其实质是信息释放过程。从信息视角下对“符际翻译”的研究表明,翻译其实就是一个“信息跨越符号边界的流动”过程,不管是生物体内的DNA转录及蛋白质翻译、计算机高级语言与低级语言的“编译”,还是人类自然语言之间的翻译,都是如此。本地化中的“多维符号转换”现象以及现实生活中的“符际翻译”现象都表明,翻译其实都是“符号转换”,转换的“内核”是信息。在符号转换的“解码、去符号化、重新编码”过程中,“去符号化”是信息脱离原符号以生物电或化学信号在大脑中“短暂驻留”的过程,这是类似于低级动物以“信号”而非“符号”信息储存方式,尽管这种信息储存状态带有“短暂性、动态性、不稳定性”等特点,但这足以让译者完成信息的“重新编码”。对图像与文字符号共性的分析以及对图像符号“翻译”的可行性考察结果都表明,在符号学及信息视角下将“符际翻译”拓展到“非语言符号转换”具有一定的可行性,这有助于拓宽“翻译”概念的内涵与外延,同时也会给翻译研究带来一定的冲击。本文共分七章。第一章绪论主要介绍了选题背景、研究意义、研究目标、研究思路及方法、超文本概念的起源及定义、国内外超文本翻译研究现状等。国内外与此相关翻译研究主要是有关超文本本地化的研究,因此笔者还对翻译与本地化的概念进行了辨析与比较。在超文本语境下,翻译活动在文本形式、翻译手段、翻译过程等方面均已发生了巨大的变化,至于这种变化对翻译实践和翻译研究会产生何等程度的影响,值得深入探讨。第二章首先研究了超文本相对于传统文本的差异性特征,在此基础上,深入探讨了超文本的形态变化对当代翻译活动所造成的影响与变化。第一节主要比较了超文本与传统纸质文本的差异,归纳出超文本的新的特征；第二节主要研究超文本的新特点,包括多线性、虚拟性、交互性、多模态等特点对翻译活动的影响；第三节尝试分析超文本语境下译者工作状态的变化。第三章探索了超文本语境下翻译活动的变化对翻译伦理产生的影响及变化。第一节首先简单回顾了翻译伦理由“忠实伦理”到“差异伦理”的转变历程,然后分析了数字化翻译对上述伦理概念形成的挑战。第二节分析了相关的翻译职业伦理研究,并尝试探讨了超文本语境下翻译职业伦理的构建。第三节主要分析了众包翻译带来的新的翻译伦理问题。第四章主要研究超文本语境下技术对翻译活动所产生的影响与变化。第一节首先对超文本语境下使用的各种电子工具进行功能性分析及分类,接下来分析超文本语境下电子工具被普遍应用的深层次原因,具体主要从翻译对象、翻译环境变化等方面进行分析。第二节研究翻译记忆工具(TM)对现代翻译的影响,尤其是对译者认知过程的影响,并讨论翻译记忆工具带来的新问题。第三节探讨机器翻译工具对翻译的影响,首先分析超文本语境下,机器翻译获得更多应用的原因,然后再探讨自动翻译对翻译模式和译者主体性的影响。第五章重点分析超文本语境下“多维符号翻译”中符号转换的特点及规律,并将其与传统文学翻译进行对比,探讨其与文学翻译的差异与共性。第一节研究超文本翻译中自然语言符号转换的特点,并分析其类似于文学翻译中的创造性翻译特征。第二节探讨超文本语境下“多维符号转换”的特点及规律。第三节研究超文本中文字与图像符号的关系及其对翻译的影响。第四节尝试分析多模态语境下译者认知过程的变化。第六章探讨“符际翻译”拓展到“非语言符号转换”的可行性。第一节分析了信息、符号、翻译、语言、文字、图像等概念之间的相互关系,为进一步讨论做准备。第二节首先分析了“翻译”概念拓展到“非语言符号”的可行性,然后考察了DNA转录与蛋白质翻译现象以及计算机高级语言与机器语言之间的“编译”现象,并进一步分析了图像符号“翻译”的可行性和可译度。第三节主要考察了现实生活中的符际翻译现象,并尝试从符号学及信息视角对符际翻译进行解释。此外,还分析了“符际翻译”拓展到“非语言转换”对翻译研究的影响。最后一章总结了本研究的主要发现,并指出了本研究在研究内容与方法方面存在的局限性,并为后续研究做了进一步展望。更多还原

【Abstract】 Hypertexts are a kind of multi-linear electronic texts, which contain at least two different types of sign elements connected by hyperlinks. On one side, numerous hypertexts have formed the Internet, which has become the translator’s new working environment in the digital age. On the other side, Localization, with hypertexts as its working content, has become the bulk of translation practice in the global language service market. Taking traditional translation as a comparison, this research explores the changes of translation in the context of hypertexts, and analyzes the impact that the changes have brought to translation as well as translation studies. Besides, it attempts to reveal the process and nature of translation by analyzing the phenomena of "multi-dimensional transformation of signs" in localization from an informational perspective. The discussions mainly focus on the following topics, namely, the characteristics of hypertexts and their corresponding impact on translation practice, translation ethics in the hypertext context, the impact caused by translation technology, the characteristics and potential rules of "multi-dimensional transformation of signs", the feasibility of "Intersemiotic Translation" of nonverbal signs. The research results suggest that, in hypertext context, translation has taken great changes in terms of text form, translation ethics, translation technology, translation process, translation subject, translation model and the translator’s cognition. Due to the utilization of Translation Memory and Machine Translation and the multimodal texts as his working objects, the translator’s cognitive process has also changed. The analysis of "multi-dimensional transformation of signs" suggests that translation by nature is an information flow crossing the border of two different sign systems. The process of sign transformation with information as its invariant core, can occur not only between verbal signs, but also between non-verbal signs. Translation has long been considered as a kind of transformation between languages. Since the concepts of translation and language indeed involve non-verbal signs, it is possible to include the transformation of nonverbal signs in the concept of intersemiotic translation. The new characteristics of hypertexts, such as multi-linearity, virtuality, multi-modality and interactivity, have led to great changes of translation. As a result of multi-linearity, the texts to be translated are often separated by computer language codes, and these are called "fragmented texts". Translating such fragmented texts usually lead to decontextualized translation, which makes the translator’s work more difficult than before. Interactivity of hypertexts offers readers or users opportunities to submit their own translation through the Internet. In the context of hypertext, a large translation project can be completed by the collaboration of a crow of volunteer translators, and this is called "crowdsourcing translation" or "fans translation". It is a kind of user-generated translation and has subverted the traditional relations among the writer, the translator and the reader. The online publishing and marketing of translation products has a lot to do with searching engines, such as Google, Badu, etc., and the translator must take into consideration of searching engine optimization, which is closely related to the translator’s choice of key words. Consumption of digital products is somewhat a kind of "sign consumption", and the digital translation shows much more concern for the target user’s experience. The working conditions of the translator also change significantly. His work is more complicated than before, and he is more dependent to the Internet.Translation ethics have long been an important topic in translation studies. In the hypertext context, the collective author and translator, the transitional step of internationalization, the adaptation to target culture in localization, crowdsourcing translation, have all brought new challenges to translation ethics. With the professionalization and commercialization of translation practice, more research is needed on the translator’s ethics.In the context of hypertext, translation technology has changed the traditional model. The texts to be translated are digital and very complicated, and translation practice is commercialized and industrialized, which promoted the development and application of translation tools. The utilization of Translation Memory and Machine Translation has improved the efficiency of translation. However, they also changed the translator’s subjectivity and creativity in his work and made him more dependent to them. The reuse of former translation by Translation Memory and the popularity of "Machine Translation+human post-edition" lead to desubjectivized translation. So far it is difficult to tell whether a translation is computer-aided human translation or human-aided computer translation. It seems that electronic tools are part of the translator’s body, and in some sense the translator has become a cyborg translator.The transformation of multi-dimensional signs in localization suggests that both verbal signs and non-verbal signs might have something in common. The existence of a sign depends on the interpretation of it with other signs, so translation is an essential property of signs. In this sense, any sign can be interpreted and translated. Information is reflection of object’s structure order in dimensions of time and space. Its existence is objective and is not dependent on human’s mind. A sign is the vehicle of information, and a human being receives information with the help of signs. The process of semiosis of verbal-signs is depicturization of signs from a high dimension to a low dimension, which actually is a process of information representation. The interpretation of a sign is a reverse process, that is, repicturization of signs, from a low dimension to a higher dimension, which in essence is the release of information. The research results suggest that, the nature of translation is the information flow crossing the border between two signs systems. The analysis of DNA transcription and protein translation in biology, and the compiling between advanced computer language and binary language also support this hypothesis. Translation contains three steps, namely, decoding, deverbalization and recoding. After the information is deverbalized, it might be stored in the translator’s mind in the pattern of bioelectrical or chemical signals instead of signs, which makes it possible for the translator to recode it in another sign system. The common characteristics of verbal signs and pictural signs are also studied. Under the framework of semiotics, it is possible to include non-verbal sign transformation in the scope of intersemiotic translation. This thesis contains seven chapters. The following shows more details for each chapter.Chapter One begins with the rationality and offers a brief introduction to the present situation of related research. Since most of the research with hypertext translation is published in terms of "localization", the common features and differences between the two concepts of "translation" and "localization" are also discussed. In the context of hypertext, great changes have taken place in many aspects of translation, including text form, translation ethics, translation tools, and translation process, etc. What impact the changes might bring to translation and translation studies is worth studying.Chapter Two first analyzes the differences between hypertext and printed texts, then it discusses the impact on translation practice due to the new characteristics of hypertexts. Taking printed texts as a comparison, the first section analyzes the new features of hypertext. The second section studies the changes of translation partially caused by the features of hypertexts, including multi-linearity, virtuality and interactivity. The third section discusses the changes in the translator’s working conditions in the context of hypertext.Chapter Three explores the challenges and impact that digital translation might bring to translation ethics. The first section analyzes the previous studies of translation ethics, and then it goes on to discuss the challenges digital translation brings to translation ethics. The second section discusses the translator’s ethics in the context of industrialized translation practice. The third section tries to discuss the new ethic problems in crowdsourcing translation.Chapter Four is concerned with the impact caused by the utilization of translation tools. The first section categorizes the electronic tools according to their different functions, and analyzes the reasons why so many electronic tools are used. The second section studies the impact on the translator’s cognitive process due to the use of Translation Memory tools. The third section first analyzes the reasons for the wide use of Machine Translation and then discusses its impact on translation model and the translator’s subjectivity.Chapter Five tries to conclude the characteristics and rules of multi-dimensional signs transformation in localization. The first section, with traditional literary translation as a comparison, analyzes the transformation of nonverbal signs in hypertexts translation. The second section tries to conclude the characteristics and rules of multi-dimensional transformation of signs. The third section analyzes the relations between verbal signs and pictural signs in hypertexts. The fourth section explores the changes in the translator’s cognitive process while translating hypertexts.Chapter Six explores the feasibility of including nonverbal-sign transformation in the scope of intersemiotic translation. The first section focuses on the relations among the concepts of information, sign, translation and language. The second section discusses the feasibility of nonverbal translation in the scope of intersemiotic translation. It first discusses whether the concept of translation could include the transformation of nonverbal signs. For more evidence, it also explores DNA transcription and protein translation in biology, and the compiling between advanced computer language and binary machine language. It also discusses the feasibility of translating pictural signs as well as their different degrees of translatability. Finally it analyzes some phenomena of intersemiotic translation in our daily life, and tries to interpret it in an informational perspective.Chapter Seven summarizes the main discoveries of the research, and points out its limitations. Some suggestions for further research are also offered.更多还原