【作者】 施正香；

【导师】 李保明；

【作者基本信息】 中国农业大学 ， 农业生物环境与能源工程， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 现代高产猪种对环境应激更为敏感,对环境的耐受性大幅降低。活动空间受限、环境贫瘠、舒适性差、调控措施应用不到位,严重影响着猪的健康和生产潜能的发挥,导致养猪生产效率低下,风险持续加大、市场波动明显,十分不利于行业的可持续发展。本文选择猪的空间环境需求为突破口,通过实证案例剖析了不同养殖模式的空间环境状况,研究了不同群体规模下的空间环境构成与猪的空间定位、环境应激和行为表达之间的关系,探讨了福利性设施配置、局部环境控制技术等在圈栏空间环境格局形成中所起的作用,提出了适合于不同阶段猪的健康养殖工艺技术模式和健康养猪的空间环境设计方法,为促进我国养猪生产方式转变、推进健康养猪产业的可持续发展提供了理论依据和技术支撑。本文的主要研究结果如下：(1)系统全面地阐述了养猪生产环境、养猪工艺模式与不同阶段猪的生理、行为、健康、生长发育、生产性能之间的关系,首次从空间环境需求的角度研究猪的健康养殖工艺模式和配套工程技术,并确定了群体大小、饲养密度、经济占栏面积、圈栏尺寸、猪舍单元配置等相关空间环境设计参数,为不同阶段猪健康养殖工艺模式的设计提供了理论依据。(2)分析对比了母猪大群饲养、小群饲养,哺乳母猪自由式分娩栏系统、断奶仔猪和生长育肥猪舍饲大群散养等模式的空间环境格局和工程技术特点,并就群养模式下精确饲养、局部环境调控、抗应激福利设施等相关技术的应用,对养殖空间环境的形成、猪的功能定位和分区、产生的环境应激、行为发生等进行了试验研究,为健康养猪技术模式的有效实施及设施、设备优化提供了技术支持。(3)群养更有利于母猪行为表达和建立和谐的社群关系,有助于改善母猪繁殖性能。小群饲养模式8头以上的群体规模才能更好地满足母猪的空间需求,减少争斗行为的发生和混转群应激；不同猪种混养时,地方猪种的社会等级相对更低,争斗时常处于被动地位；高等级猪在空间占有上较低等级猪更具优势。大群饲养模式可以为母猪提供良好的群居环境和自由活动空间,受胎率、分娩率、窝产仔数等繁殖性能指标明显优于限位饲养和小圈饲养模式,繁殖性疾病、肢蹄病等发生率较限位栏降低84%、50%。(4)分析比较了三种分娩栏、二种仔猪保温箱在构成分娩空间环境上的差异,表明自由式分娩栏有效地解决了限位栏母猪活动不足、无隔栏分娩栏仔猪压死率高的难题。挂帘式仔猪保温箱在改善仔猪躺卧环境、自由出入等方面优势明显。上述设备为哺乳期母猪更快地产后恢复、提高其繁殖性能和健康状况、生产活泼强壮的仔猪奠定了基础。(5)福利性设施在猪的大群饲养中对空间环境的构成、栏内各区域的功能定位和设施设备利用均有很大影响。丰富的空间环境可缩短猪的躺卧时间、增加采食时间,猪的表现更为活跃,行为之间的转换更多,在排泄区停留的时间更少。只有在配置2件以上的福利性设施才能形成良好的圈舍空间格局,猪的行为表达更加充分,并可使猪的日增重提高5%10%、饲料消耗降低3%-13%。更多还原

【Abstract】 Modern pigs are more sensitive to environmental stress, significantly reducing the environmental tolerance. Limited space, barren environment, poor comfort and inappropriate environmental control methods all have serious influences on pigs’ health and potential productivity, resulting in inefficient production, high raising risks and obvious market fluctuation which all go against to the industry’s sustainable development. This study started with pigs’ spatial environmental requirements, then analyzed spatial environmental conditions under different housing models and investigated the relationship between spatial environmental constitution and pigs’ spatial location, environmental stress and behavioral expression under diffident group sizes. The effects of setting welfare facilities and local environmental control technology on spatial environmental configuration were studied. It also presented new process technologies and spatial environmental design methods. These studies all contribute to providing theoretical basis and technical support for the promotion of production mode and the sustainable development of livestock production in China. This study provides the following findings:(1) The relationship between the housing environment and the process model with pigs’ physiology, behaviors, health, growth, and production performance was described systematically and comprehensively. Process models and technologies for healthy pig housing were first studied from the point of pigs’ spatial environmental requirements. Parameter determinations of group size, raising density, economic pen area, pen dimension, and pen unit setting were also performed. These findings contribute to providing theoretical basis for pig housing process model design.(2) Spatial environmental constitutions and characteristics of engineering technologies in large/small group housing system for sows, farrowing pen system for lactation sows and loose housing system for weaned piglets and finisher pigs were compared and analyzed. Experiments on the applications of precision feeding, local environmental control and stress resistance facilities were also conducted. These findings contribute to providing technical support for the effective conduction of the healthy pig housing process model and the optimization of its equipment and facilities.(3) Group housing is benefit for pig’s behavior expression, building harmonious social relations, and improving reproductive performance. Small group housing system with more than8pigs could meet their space requirements, reducing fighting behaviors and the social stress at the beginning of group mixing. Local breeds had lower social class and were the underdog in the fight after mixing with modern pigs, and pigs in higher class had advantages on space occupying. Higher reproductive performance indexes including conception rate, farrowing rate, litter size were found in large group precision feeding system than in single pen housing system, breeding diseases and limb-and-hoof diseases incidences were respectively84%and50%lower in large group precision feeding system than in single pen housing system, both thanks to better social environment and bigger activity space.(4) The spatial environmental constitutions by3different farrowing pens and2different piglets conservation boxes were compared. The freedom farrowing pen could provide more space for sows and reduce the probability that piglets were pressed to dead by sows. The curtains could improve the local environment of conservation box and are also conducive to free access. These facilities are helpful for sow’s recovering from delivery, reproductive performance improvement, and producing healthy piglets.(5) Welfare facilities played an important role on the spatial environmental constitution, the function orientation of each area in the pen, and the utilization of equipment. Rich spatial environment could increase pigs’ feeding time and reduce their lying time and detention time in eliminative area. Pigs in rich spatial environment were more active and change their activity more frequently. A good spatial environmental configuration for better behavior expression could be formed with2or more welfare facilities, resulting in improving5%-10%of daily gain and reducing3%-13%of food consumption.更多还原