【作者】 王艳；

【导师】 唐一源；

【作者基本信息】 大连理工大学 ， 神经信息学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 由于社会环境的复杂性,生活在其中的人们在做决策时往往受到多方面因素的影响。在一些情况下,我们的决策并不轻松,我们可能会左右为难,纠结于不同的选择决策所带来的后果。在一些复杂的格局中,一些重大的决策也往往属于两难决策。道德是社会生活的重要方面,我们的决策也往往涉及到道德相关的内容。拒绝伤害行为和公平性是道德领域研究的重要内容,本文对于道德两难决策权衡问题的研究也主要从伤害行为和公平性这两个方面入手。此外,人们道德观念的形成往往与特定的文化环境有关,因而,本文的研究兼顾了文化的因素对道德两难决策权衡的影响。本文通过认知行为学实验考察了涉及个人的道德两难决策与不涉及道德的两难决策对后续任务影响的差异；并借助事件相关电位的研究方法,进一步探索了在文化因素影响下的道德两难决策权衡过程中的认知神经机制。本文的主要研究内容和贡献包括以下几个方面：1、涉及个人的道德两难决策和不涉及道德的两难决策对其后的执行控制和风险决策的差异性影响。从认知行为学实验角度分别考察了完成涉及个人的道德两难决策任务和不涉及道德的两难决策任务后,被试的执行控制和风险决策的成绩。相比完成不涉及道德的两难决策任务的被试,完成涉及个人的道德两难决策任务的被试消耗了更多用于执行控制和风险决策的资源,在后续的执行控制任务和风险决策任务中的表现更差。2、道德两难决策文化差异神经相关的时空分析。分别选取来自中国和欧美国家的被试,借助事件相关电位和标准低分辨率电磁断层成像溯源分析的方法,考察东西方文化背景的人们在道德两难决策过程中的文化差异。实验结果发现西方人在进行道德两难决策判断时诱发了P2和P3成分,而中国被试诱发了P260成分,不同于P2和P3成分的源主要定位在扣带回和中前额区,P260成分主要激活了后扣带回、海马旁回、楔叶与楔前叶等皮质区。该研究表明了在道德两难决策过程中,西方人相对更早地进行决策启动,而中国人在道德两难决策过程中倾向于采用相对整合的加工方式。3、种族文化因素对分配公正性影响的ERP研究。通过捐助分配的ERP实验,考察了在种族文化因素影响下被试对公平效率权衡的道德两难决策。结果发现,人们更倾向于做出有利于自己种族人群的决策。同样,人们对于公平因素也很看重。在种族因素与公平因素一致的情况,人们更容易做出倾向于公平的选择。并且相比一致的情况,种族因素与公平冲突时诱发了更大的P3和晚成分正波(late positive potential, LPP)成分。该研究表明,在种族因素与公平冲突时,需要调用更多的注意资源或者是认知努力。更多还原

【Abstract】 Our decision-making may be influenced by many factors, since we live in a complex social environment. In some cases, it is not easy to make a decision when face two options diverging from each other. We may be in a difficult position to assess the potential outcome leading by decision-making. In some complicated situation, some important decisions may be dilemmas for us. Morality is an important aspect in human society, and our decision-making may be related to moral issues. In the thesis, the studies of moral decision-making mainly focus on two aspects:harm and fairness, since they are two important parts in moral domain. Moreover, one’s moral sense might be shaped by specific culture and individuals from different societies may view ethical issues differently, therefore, cultural factors should be taken into consideration in the investigation of moral decision-making. In the present dissertation, we explored the differences of moral-personal dilemmas and non-moral dilemmas on the performances of subsequent tasks by cognitive behavioral experiments. By using Event-Related Potential (ERP) technique, we further investigated the impacts of cultural factors on the electrophysiological effects of decision-making under moral dilemmas. The main contents of the thesis are as follows.1. Moral-personal dilemmas and non-moral dilemmas differently impair the subsequent performance of executive control and risk decision-making. As assessed by the Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT) and Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), we compared the performance differences of executive control and risk decision-making following the two different decision-making tasks, respectively. The results showed a worse performance of MSIT for participants making moral-personal judgments than those making non-moral ones. And relative to the non-moral group, the moral-personal group tended to make more disadvantage choices in the second stage of IGT. The results implied that moral-personal dilemmas are more difficult and may consume more resource for executive control and decision-making, which may lead to worse performance in the subsequent executive control and risk decision-making tasks.2. Cultural differences in moral decision-making. The neural correlates of cultural differences in moral decision-making between Chinese and Westerners were investigated by combining the Event-Related Potential (ERP) technique with standardized Low-resolution brain Electromagnetic Tomography (sLORETA) analyses. Results showed that the ERP components were significantly different between the two cultural groups. Westerners elicited P2and P3components, while Chinese elicited P260components when making moral judgments. Different from the sources of P2and P3components that mainly localized in cingulate gyrus and medial frontal areas, the P260component mainly activated areas in posterior cingulate, parahippocampal gyrus, cuneus and precuneus cortices. These findings suggest a relatively earlier initiation of moral decision-making process for Westerners and a relatively integrated processing during the solution of moral decision-making for Chinese.3. Racial group membership on distributive justice. ERPs were recorded while participants made their decisions about donation allocation. Results showed that racial in-group factor influenced participants’ decision on justice consideration, and lead more in-group biased decisions. Participants were more likely to make relatively equity decisions, when racial in-group factor was congruent with equity compared to the corresponding incongruent condition. Scalp ERP analyses revealed that greater P3and late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes were elicited by the condition that racial in-group factor and equity conflicted with each other compared to the congruent condition. These findings suggest that the decision-making of distributive justice could be modulated by racial group membership, and greater attentional resources or cognitive efforts are required when racial in-group factor and equity conflict with each other.更多还原