【作者】 李长青；

【导师】 于卓；

【作者基本信息】 内蒙古农业大学 ， 作物遗传育种， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 为培育抗黑痣病、高产优质马铃薯新品种,本试验以国外引进品种大西洋为母本,分别以抗黑痣病强的陇薯6号和陇薯7号为父本,以抗黑痣病强的底西瑞为母本,黑美人为父本进行人工授粉杂交,成功地获得大西洋×陇薯6号、大西洋×陇薯7号和底西瑞×黑美人3个杂交组合的实生种子,经过育苗移栽获得杂种F1代。利用SSR标记技术鉴定了各杂种单株的真实性,对真实杂种的无性系二代和三代的农艺特性、品质及抗病性(黑痣病和晚疫病)等方面进行了全面的研究,以期选育出符合目标性状的优良株系。主要结果如下：1.利用筛选出的3对SSR适宜引物首次将马铃薯杂交组合“大西洋×陇薯6号”、“大西洋×陇薯7号”、“底西瑞×黑美人”的杂交种F1单株SSR带型划分为互补型、缺失型、父本型、母本型4种类型,并鉴定出3个杂交组合的59个单株均为真杂种。2.从3个杂交组合无性系二代中筛选出生长势、株型、薯形、商品薯率、产量、品质等性状综合表现突出的株系6个：大西洋×陇薯6号的株系是21-5、24-5、24-6和27-7,大西洋×陇薯7号的株系是30-5,底西瑞×黑美人的株系是31-3。各株系的生育期、株高、茎粗、平均薯重、商品薯率与单株产量呈正相关；主茎数、分枝数、单株结薯数与单株产量呈负相关；在马铃薯杂交后代群体中选择植株相对高大、茎杆粗壮、分枝和单株结薯数适中、中熟或中晚熟的个体,容易获得高产株系。3.6个杂种株系的花粉可育率变幅为2.7%～65.91%,以株系24-6的育性最高,株系21-5的育性最低,其余4个株系的花粉可育率在35%以上。4.杂种株系21-5、24-5和24-6的核型均为1A型,株系27-7、30-5、31-3的核型均为1B型。株系21-5、24-6、27-7、30-5和31-3的核型公式均为2n=4x=48=48m,株系24-5的核型公式为2n=4x=48=44m+4sm。对染色体各参数聚类结果显示,杂种株系27-7的染色体特征偏向母本大西洋,株系21-5、株系24-5和24-6的染色体偏向其父本陇薯6号,株系30-5偏向其父本陇薯7号,株系31-3偏向其父本黑美人。5.PMC M Ⅰ染色体构型分析表明,6个株系的单价体频率变幅为9.4%-20.7%,二价体频率为29.9%-70.6%,三价体频率为6.5%-23.2%,四价体频率12.2%-26.2%。株系21-5的配对构型为3.0Ⅰ+5.8Ⅱ+4.5Ⅲ+5.1Ⅳ,株系24-5为2.2Ⅰ+12.6Ⅱ+2.2Ⅲ+3.5Ⅳ,株系24-6为2.2Ⅰ+14.8Ⅱ+2.1Ⅲ+2.6Ⅳ,株系27-7为2.0Ⅰ+14.8Ⅱ+2.1Ⅲ+2.6Ⅳ,株系30-5为3.1Ⅰ+10.6Ⅱ+2.7Ⅲ+4.0Ⅳ,株系31-3为3.2Ⅰ+13.3Ⅱ+2.5Ⅲ+2.7Ⅳ。6.从无性系三代中选出产量稳定、品质好的优良株系24-5、24-6、27-7、30-5和31-3共5个,其产量超亲优势分别为40.7%、17.0%、35.2%、18.2%和36.3%,商品薯率分别为89.1%、88.5%、85.5%、87.1%和82.3%。各优良株系的薯形好、芽眼浅,干物质、淀粉及Vc含量较高,还原糖含量均很低；彩薯优良株系31-3的薯块中抗氧化物质--花青素含量较高。这5个株系的抗黑痣病能力均较强；株系24-5、24-6、27-7抗晚疫病能力较强,株系31-3次之：株系30-5较弱。7.利用筛选出的4对SSR适宜引物对5个马铃薯杂交种优良株系及其各自亲本扩增得到364个SSR条带,多态性条带比率为77.03%,建立了5个优良株系SSR指纹图谱。8.5个杂种优良株系及其亲本间的遗传距离(GD)变化范围为0.1892～0.8000,平均为0.449,以GD值0.43为基准划分为4类：大西洋、陇薯6号、株系24-5、株系24-6、株系27-7、陇薯7号为一类,黑美人和株系31-3为一类,底西瑞和株系30-5各为一类。更多还原

【Abstract】 In order to breed new potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties with high-yielding, high-quality, anti-black scurf and high anthocyanin content, four interspecific hybrids F1were obtained via crossing between Atlantic and Longshu NO.6, Longshu NO.7, Desiree and Heimeiren. We have identified the authenticity of each hybrid by SSR molecule markers. In order to select excellent new strains, we have researched on the agronomic characteristics, quality and disease resistance (Black Scurf; Late Bright) of the second and third generation of true hybrid clones. The main results of this experiment were as follows:1. Three pairs of suitable SSR primers were used for identify59hybrids. The results showed that there were4types of banding patterns observed in the hybrids, complementary pattern of both parents, deletion pattern, male-specific pattern and female-specific pattern. Those59individuals of F1hybrids were identified as true hybrids.2. Six hybrid lines with outstanding comprehensive agronomic characters were selected form second generations. Hybrid lines21-5,24-5,24-6and27-7were crossed between Atlantic and Longshu NO.6. Hybrid line30-5was cross between Atlantic and Longshu NO.7. Hybrid line31-3was cross between Desiree and Heimeiren. The results of correlation analysis show that:There was a positive correlation between yield per plant and growth period, plant height, stem diameter, average tuber weight, commodity potato rate. But there was a negative correlation between yield per plant and main stem number, tuber number, branch number. We can obtain high yield hybrid lines easily via select in individuals with high plant, stronger stem, moderate tuber number and branch number, middle growth period.3. The pollen fertility of six hybrid lines was range between2.7%and65.91%. The line24-6has highest fertility; the line21-5was lowest. The pollen fertility of other four lines was more than35%.4. The karyotype of hybrid lines21-5,24-5and24-6was1A type. The karyotype of hybrid lines27-7,30-5and31-3was1B type. The karyotype formula of hybrid lines21-5,24-6,27-7,30-5and31-3was2n=4x=48=48m. The karyotype formula of hybrid line24-5was2n=4x=48=44m+4sm. The results of cluster about chromosome parameter of11materials show that:chromosome characteristics of hybrid line27-7tended to female parent Atlantic, hybrid lines21-5,24-5and24-6were tended to male parent Longshu NO.6, and hybrid line30-5was tended to male parent Longshu NO.7, and hybrid line31-3was tended to male parent Heimeiren.5. At PMC M I period, the univalent frequency of six lines range between9.4%and20.7%, the bivalent frequency range between29.9%and70.6%, the trivalent frequency range between6.5%and23.2%, the quadrivalent frequency range between12.2%and26.2%. Chromosome pairing configuration of hybrid line21-5is3.0Ⅰ+5.8Ⅱ+4.5Ⅲ+5.1Ⅳ, line24-5is2.2Ⅰ+12.6Ⅱ+2.2Ⅲ+3.5Ⅳ, line24-6is2.2Ⅰ+14.8Ⅱ+2.1Ⅲ+2.6Ⅳ, line27-7is2.0Ⅰ+14.8Ⅱ+2.1Ⅲ+2.6Ⅳ. line30-5is3.1Ⅰ+10.6Ⅱ+2.7Ⅲ+4.0Ⅳ, line31-3is3.2Ⅰ+13.3Ⅱ+2.5Ⅲ+2.7Ⅳ。6. The five excellent hybrid lines,24-5,24-6,27-7,30-5and31-3, with stable yield and good quality were selected form third generations. Their production HP was40.7%,17.0%,35.2%,18.2%and36.3%respectively, and the commodity potato rate was89.1%,88.5%,85.5%,87.1%and82.3%respectively. These hybrid lines with regular shape, shallow eyes, high content of dry matter, starch and Vc, and low reducing Sugar content. Especially, the anthocyanin content of hybrid lines31-3was4.12mg/100g. These5hybrid lines were showed relatively strong resistance to black scurf. Hybrid lines24-5,24-6and27-7relatively strong resistance to late blight, but line30-5showed relatively weak resistance to late blight.7. Genome DNAs of five excellent lines and their parents were amplified with four pairs of SSR primers. There are364SSR bands were obtained. The percentage of polymorphic loci reached77.03%. At the same time, five excellent lines’ SSR fingerprint was established.8. The genetic distance range of five excellent hybrid lines is0.1892～0.8000, an average of0.449. Using the GD value of0.43as threshold,10potato materials could be clustered into4groups:the first group including Atlantic, Longshu NO.6, Longshu NO.7, hybrid lines24-5,24-6and27-7. The second group including Heimeiren and hybrid line31-3. Desiree and hybrid line30-5were clustered into one group separately.更多还原