【作者】 王华；

【导师】 朱炳祥；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 社会学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 本文通过对江西鄱阳张王庙、晏公庙和府城隍庙信仰的田野研究为基础,以人类学的视角考察在当代特定权力格局中民间传统的变迁问题,分析三种权力在民间传统再造过程中的角色改变及其整体结构变化。自上个世纪的80年代开始,江西鄱阳县民间信仰陆续得到恢复并发生着显著变化,这种变化既有新的元素加入,又有原来历史文化的重新挖掘,还有原来内容的重新整合。这些变化的发生,是传统在新的时代环境中的主动调适,亦是权力格局中各方权力博弈的结果。首先是国家权力出于自身考虑而对民间信仰的重铸。尽管作为一方“不在场”的权力代表,其影响力主要通过间接的途径实现,但是国家以强制机构为后盾,将其意志通过政治等方式“下压”到民间社会中。自民国年间开始,国家对民间信仰采取强制性的政策,这一政策一直延续到20世纪的80年代：国家曾经通过暴力革命,群众运动等形式深刻影响着地方民间信仰。为达到意识形态的统一国家权力将民间信仰排斥在主流意识形态范围之外；随着社会的发展,国家强制的力量在逐渐减弱,进而从强制转而为政策的引导和文化的规范整合。当代,国家试图将民间信仰纳入到现代化建设的范畴中来,通过整合使其成为主流意识形态的组成部分,并以“法制建设”“民间文化”“非物质文化遗产”等名义来规范民间信仰的实践。其次,是地方政府出于经济的目的对于民间信仰的利用。作为地方政府,既是国家机构的组成部分,掌握着资源的分配和政策执行的权力,又是参与利益分配的一方。地方政府与民间信仰在长期的互动过程中关系不断发生着变化,它通过具体的行政手段直接影响着民间信仰活动,在地区经济建设的历程中逐渐形成了与民间信仰合作的关系。当代的地方现代化建设中,需要民间信仰做出回应,地方政府以民间信仰作为其与国家博弈的文化资本之一,来争取更多的国家资源与利益。从具体的实践来看,地方政府积极地将民间信仰纳入到地方现代建设体系中来,以“旅游开发”“城市规划”和“文化发展”等名义重塑着本地区的民间信仰。第三是民间团体的文化实践活动。民间团体是由民间各种精英的代表组成,依靠其掌握的知识资源和民间话语权力而成为一方权力代表,地方威望是其在民间形成话语权的基础。民间团体以其独有的文化权力参与民间信仰的再造过程,并在再造过程当中加强了自己的威望。当代,民间团体既以民间信仰的参与者又以管理组织者的身份出现,在民间信仰的实践中表现出一定的“反思性”和“能动性”。民间团体文化实践的过程是其不断适应外界现实的过程,地方传统在此过程中得以延绵下来。民间信仰的当代变迁,可以归结为由国家、地方政府、民间团体三者的合力共同作用完成的,在民间信仰的场域中,三种权力的角色在发生着变化：国家由监管者变成为规划者,政府由执行者变成为合作者,民间组织由实践者变成为协调者。因此,原来各方的关系规则在当代已不再适用,而新的关系规则则在各方行动的过程中产生。更多还原

【Abstract】 This article study the changes of the folk tradition from the perspective of anthropology in traditional folk reengineering in contemporary specific power structure.The study is based on the research of Zhangwang temple,Yangong temple and Chenghuang temple. The article study those three kinds of power in the process of role change and overall structure change.The folk beliefs of JiangXi province have experienced the significant changes since the80s of the20th century, including the growth of new element, the change of original history and culture and re_engineering of the original content. It is the tradition of active adjustment in the new era environment which makes these changes take place, these change is the result of the interaction of all parties in power pattern.What is the most important reason of the recasting of folk beliefs is the state power, as a representative of "absence" power, the state power affect the convention through indirect ways. But its enforcement agencies backed by countries will act to civil society through various ways, such as violent revolution, the mass movement profoundly and political movement. The country exclude the scope of folk beliefs from the mainstream ideology since the years of the republic of China. With the development of the society, the government are trying to included the folk beliefs during modernization construction, and making it a part of mainstream ideology, Local departments for cultural administration at various levels shall regulate the practice of folk beliefs as the cultural relics,the government administrate folk beliefs in the name of "spiritual civilization","folk culture" and "non-material cultural heritage ". Local government and folk beliefs interact each other in the process of constantly changing, the local government affects the folk beliefs activities through specific administrative means directly, but it also formed a cooperative relationship with folk belief. Local government regards folk religion as game tools during the interaction with the nation to strive for more resources and national interest in contemporary modernization movement. The folk belief was dominated by rules of economic benefit,"tourism development""urban planning" and "cultural development" are three tactics to reshaping the folk belief.Civil society is compose of the folk elite, rely on their mastery of the knowledge resources and a kind of moral power, they participate in folk--beliefs reconstruction with its unique cultural capital, and strengthen their prestige in the middle of the reforging process. Civil society groups appears usually as a folk religion management organizers, what the most important actor is "introspection" and "initiative".The transition of contemporary folk beliefs is the result of the re-structuring, local governments, civil society organizations and the government accomplish the re-making of folk belief. The role of the three powers changed during the process also, government changed form decision-maker to planner,civil society changed form practitioner to coordinator,the local government changed form performer to partners.The relationship between the original parties rule is no longer applicable anyway, new rules are produced in the course of action of three parties.更多还原