【作者】 张华东；

【导师】 王元璋；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 经济思想史， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 分配问题关系到各经济主体如何获得回报、获得多少回报,它既能影响人民对社会生产是否具有积极性,又能影响人民对一个社会制度是否支持。因此,分配制度的好坏对于一个社会的稳定和生产力的发展情况有着至关重要的影响。而马克思的按劳分配正式能够最有效地刺激劳动者的生产积极性和获得人民拥护的一种分配制度。正因为如此,在我国建国后,党和政府在分配制度方面坚持以马克思创立的按劳分配理论作为指导,再结合我国的实际,实行适合我国国情的分配政策。因此,对于社会主义中国而言,马克思的按劳分配理论尤其具有特别的价值。这就要求我们一如既往地展开对马克思的按劳分配理论的研究,准确而又科学地理解其中的思想内容,把握其精髓实质。正是基于这种认识,本文以推进马克思的按劳分配理论与中国当代分配实践的结合为目的,参考前人已有的研究成果,对马克思按劳分配理论的相关问题进行了系统的研究。在文中,笔者首先介绍了马克思按劳分配理论的理论来源。在该部分中,笔者简要介绍了以莫儿为代表的八位空想社会主义者的分配思想,因为马克思的按劳分配思想主要是受益于这几位思想家的有关思想,是通过对这些思想进行客观如实地分析之后,继承其中合理的部分,再进行创新后而来的。由于本部分的内容并不少见,且学术界对其的研究已经比较充分,笔者在此并无很多创新,因而对此只是简单提及并作简要评价。接着,我们介绍了马克思创立按劳分配理论的过程和按劳分配理论的主要思想。在文中,笔者将马克思创立按劳分配理论的过程分为三大阶段,各阶段分别介绍了马克思在其早期的分配思想、按劳分配形成阶段的过程和按劳分配全面确立的过程。对于按劳分配理论的主要思想,笔者从其假设前提、主要内容、主要特征这三个方面进行系统分析。笔者结合前人的研究,认为按劳分配的假设前提主要有社会经济发展前提、社会制度前提和社会意识前提这样三个前提。按劳分配理论的主要内容包括按劳分配的尺度、对象、主体和手段四个方面。按劳分配的特征,文中讲到了四点,按劳分配体现着资产阶级权利,按劳分配与人的觉悟密切相关,按劳分配具有“三不”性质,按劳分配具有物质激励的功能。通过这些内容的分析,人们基本能一概马克思按劳分配理论的全貌。然后,我们介绍了按劳分配在我国的理论探索和实践情况。我国对按劳分配理论的研究主要表现在努力实现按劳分配理论的中国化,在这方面,我党历届领导人都作出了各自的贡献。毛泽东主要体现在反对改革开放前的平均主义错误上,而邓小平、江泽民、胡锦涛主要体现在实行社会主义市场经济的情况下,在如何坚持和发展按劳分配方面。在实践方面,我国经历了改革开放前的平均主义分配方式和改革开放后的市场经济环境下的按劳分配方式这样两个大的阶段,尤其是在改革开放后,我国在探索适合我国国情的分配制度方面,有着十分成功的实践。自然,实践的成功主要是来自于灵活地将马克思的按劳分配理论和我国的具体国情结合起来,从而实现了按劳分配理论的中国化,实行了适合我国国情、有利于我国生产力发展的分配制度。最后,我们结合新的时代特征,分析了按劳分配理论的当代价值。文章主要从两个方面进行展开,即理论层面和实践层面。理论层面主要是从按劳分配理论在马克思主义中的地位、方法论意义、认识论意义、经济意义、政治意义等五个点上来展开；实践层面主要从对我国分配制度改革的意义、对世界社会主义运动的意义和对其他社会主义国家建设社会主义的意义这三个点上来展开。这两个层面的分析,充分说明了马克思的按劳分配理论并没有过时,它必将随着实践的发展而不断发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Distribution can affect each economic subject. It determined how the social wealth flows into the economic subject and how many wealth each subject can get. By all appearances, it is an important issue to every one. As far as China is concerned, our country is a socialist country,which means Marxism is our country’s guidance thought. As a result, Marx’s distribution according to work is our country’s guidance thought in distribution. That is to say, it is full of significance to us to make a research in Marx’s distribution according to work.Based on the cognition, we make a study concerned the theory in the thesis. In the first place, we probe into the theory source of Marx’s distribution according to work. In this part, we introduce the distribution thoughts of eight Utopian socialists. Marx’s distribution according to work profit much from their thoughts.The content followed is about the forming process and main thought of distribution according to work. In the thesis, we divide the forming process of distribution according to work into three stages, which including Marx’s distribution thought in early period, the forming stage of distribution according to work thought, and its’totally establishing stage.As to the main thought of Marx’s distribution according to work, we discourse it from three aspects, which are the precondition、main content and the principal characters of distribution according to work. The preconditions of the theory are that the level of the social’s productive forces must have reached certain higher degree, socialist system having been established, and the workers having formed certain consciously work consciousness. The main content of distribution according to work includes its’yardstick, object, subject and tool, which respectively is the time of labor, the social, the means of consumption having been deducted, and the labor note. As to the character of distribution according to work, the thesis enumerates four points, that is, distribution according to work embodying the right of the capitalist class in certain means, it having something to do with worker’s awareness, there being "three Nots " nature, it partaking of the material stimulating function.After that, we analysis the theory research and the practice situation of distribution according to work in our country. We discourse the contribution of each main leader of The Communist Party of China after the building of new China in devoting to sinicize the theory of distribution according to work. In respect of the practice, we analyze the course of our country put the theory of distribution according to work into practice.We are of the opinion that the key problem before reform and opening-up is fighting against the equalitarianism,while the one after reform and opening-up is questing the right way of how to practice the distribution according to work under the market economic system.In the last place, we analyze the value of Marx’s theory of distribution according to work for the contemporary era. To the problem, the thesis discourse from two main sides, namely the value in theory and the one in practice. As to the former, there are five,such as the epistemology value, the methodology value,the economic value,and so on. While the value for the practice, it shows in guiding to build socialism for socialist countries and in guiding to socialism movement of the world. Our conclusion is that the theory of distribution according to work is still of great significance.更多还原