【作者】 屠大伟；

【导师】 李学刚；

【作者基本信息】 西南大学 ， 农产品加工及贮藏工程， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 黄连是著名的传统中药，已有2000多年的药用历史，主要成分为小檗碱、药根碱、巴马汀及黄连碱等生物碱。黄连具有良好的功效，如抗菌、消炎、止痛、解毒、退热、驱风、健胃、利胆、降血糖、降血脂、降血压、抗肿瘤、扩张血管，以及治疗腹泻、痢疾等。古往今来，在我国含黄连的方剂不计其数，现代医学中应用黄连的制剂也很多。黄连以其干燥根茎入药，在生产加工中会产生大量的副产物如叶、花、须根等部位，其中叶和须根主要作为兽药使用，或在黄连资源紧缺时曾做过黄连的替代品，而黄连花薹除在黄连产地有人使用外，未见任何研究报道。这些副产物因为其价格低廉，大部分被抛弃于田间地头，造成了资源的巨大浪费，文献中关于黄连副产物的应用研究也较少。黄连副产物中含有生物碱类成分，如能加以开发利用，必定能创造可观的效益。本文以黄连（味连）种植加工过程中的副产物—须根、叶、花薹为研究对象，研究了各副产物的主要营养成分及体外抗氧化活性；以黄连花薹为重点，全面研究了黄连花薹的各项理化指标，并对其降血糖、降血脂、退热等功能进行了研究；同时，对黄连花薹的食用安全性进行了初步的评价；最后，以黄连花薹为原料开发出了两种营养丰富的保健饮品。主要研究结果如下：1．黄连花薹、叶和须根中都含有丰富的氨基酸、矿质元素等成分。黄连花薹中氨基酸、矿质元素的含量明显高于其它两种副产物，花薹中氨基酸占干重的17.53％，叶中的氨基酸总量为12.18％，须根中仅有5.63％。花薹中的氨基酸组成更接近理想蛋白质的要求。黄连花薹还含有丰富的对人体有益Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn等必需的微量元素。采用中药化学中系统预实验法对黄连花薹中各种类型的化学成分进行了定性检识。发现，黄连花薹中还可能含有黄酮类物质、多酚类物质、蒽醌类物质、氨基酸及肽类物质、有机酸、强心甙、三萜皂甙等成分。通过HPLC法测定了黄连花薹、叶和须根中药根碱、巴马汀及小檗碱三种生物碱的含量，其中须根中药根碱含量可达到0.80％，叶柄中小檗碱达到1.53％，花薹中巴马汀含量达到0.44％。2．黄连及其副产物—须根、茎叶及花薹均表现出了直接清除羟自由基（·OH）、超氧自由基（O₂^-·）及过氧化氢的活性。其活性与黄连及各副产物所含小檗碱的含量成正相关。3．黄连花薹提取物对四氧嘧啶致糖尿病大鼠血糖有显著的改善作用。健康SD大鼠按200mg／Kg·BW腹腔注射四氧嘧啶，3d后测定空腹血糖值，剔除血糖值小于10.0mmol／L的大鼠，分组，连续28d给予不同浓度的黄连花薹提取物。28d后，测定各组动物血糖，中、高剂量血糖明显下降，低剂量组动物血糖也有一定的下降趋势，而高糖对照组血糖未见下降。在实验过程中对各组大鼠体重变化、饮水量情况及进食情况进行监控，结果显示黄连花薹提取液对四氧嘧啶致糖尿病大鼠的体重、饮水量及食物利用率均有一定的改善作用。同时，测定了各组大鼠的血脂指标，结果显示，黄连花薹提取物在降低四氧嘧啶致糖尿病大鼠血糖的同时，对血脂紊乱也具有一定的调节作用。此外，黄连花薹提取物对四氧嘧啶致糖尿病大鼠血浆中SOD、MDA及GSH-Ps水平具有一定的调节功能，说明黄连花薹提取物对四氧嘧啶致糖尿病大鼠表现出一定的体内抗氧化功能。4．通过饲喂高脂饲料，建立高血脂症动物模型。饲喂2周后，选取造模成功的大鼠分为高脂对照组和3个剂量组，给药30d。结果表明，黄连花薹提取物对高血脂症大鼠血脂TC、TG、LDL-C和HDL-C均有显著的改善作用，并且可以显著降低动脉硬化指数，抑制脂肪在肝脏和腹腔的沉积。病理学检测显示，各药物组肝指数、肾指数、脾指数、胸腺指数、睾丸指数与正常对照组均比较无差异。5．以SD大鼠为实验动物，通过皮下注射干酵母，建立发热动物模型。给予发热动物不同浓度的黄连花薹提取物，结果显示，黄连花薹具有一定的退热功能，并且其效果随剂量增加有一定的增强趋势，呈现出剂量效应关系。6．按照《食品安全性毒理学评价程序》（GB15193．1-2003）的程序，选作了急性毒性试验、Ames试验、小鼠精子畸形试验、骨髓微核试验及90天喂养实验，对黄连花薹安全性进行了评价。经测定，黄连花薹的LD₅₀＞21.5g／Kg·BW，无急性毒性。在Ames实验、精子畸形实验、骨髓微核实验、90d喂养实验中，各剂量组和正常对照组在各项指标上均无显著差异。7．以黄连花薹为主要原料，开发出了两种功能性产品。第一种为黄连花茶，优化的杀青工艺为投料量1.5Kg，杀青时间为5min，杀青温度为200℃。杀青，冷却干燥后，包装成黄连花茶。第二种为黄连花薹袋泡茶，以黄连花茶90g，甜茶2g，杭白菊20g进行混合配比，所制袋泡茶颜色橙黄，微甜，略带苦味，并伴有淡淡的菊花清香。更多还原

【Abstract】 Rhizoma Coptidis has beening one of the most frequently used herbs in traditional Chinese medicine since 2,000 years ago. It’s active components are alkaloids such as berberine, coptisine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine, et al. The rhizome with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidote, antipyretic, carminative, cholagogue, anti-hypoglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-hyperglycemia, anti-cancer, vasodilator activity were extensively studied. There were countless prescriptions including treatment of diarrhea and dysentery that were composed of coptis root not only in the ancient times, but also in modern times. But only the rhizome of coptis was used in the prescription. The other parts of coptis, such as leaf, flower and fibre, were hardly used in the prescription. The by-products of coptis are either solded in a low price, or throwed over in the field. It’s a waste of resource. The study on application of the by-product is few. The content of total alkaloid and berberine in the by-product is so high that it is deserved to be exploited. If we can utilize this resource, great benefit will be brought out.The by-products of coptis, such as coptis fibre, leaf and inflorescence, which were produced during planting and processing Rhizoma Coptidis. The main components and in vitro antioxidantial of these by-products were reasearched in this paper. In the following research, the functions such as anti-hypoglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemia and antipyretic have been researched. In order to exploit health-care drink, security of the coptis inflorescence has been evaluated. The detailed content and results of the research are as follows:（1） The coptis inflorescence, leaf and fibre are abundant in amino acids and mineral elements. The content of amino acids and mineral elements in the inflorescence is higher than that in the leaf and fibre. The content of animo acids in the inflorescence is 17.53% of dried inflorescence. The content of animo acids in the leaf is 12.18%, while only 5.63% in the fibre. The content of animo acids in inflorescence is closer to the standard of ideal protein than that of fibre and leaf. coptis inflorescence is also abundant in the microelement that is necessary to human, such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, etc.The compounds of coptis inflorescence were tested qualitatively by the methods from Chinese herb chemistry. Results showed that the inflorescence cotained many bioactivity compounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, amino acids, polypeptide, organic acids, saponins, anthraquinones and alkaloids.The content of three kinds of alkaloid, jatrorrhizine, palmatine and berberine, in the inflorescence, leaf and fibre was determined by the method of HPLC. The content of jatrorrhizine in fibre is 0.80%.The content of berberine in the leafstalk is 1.53% and the content of palmatine in the inflorescence is 0.44%.（2） The rhizome, fibre, leaf and inflorescence of coptis showed the activity of eliminating·OH, O₂^-·and H₂O₂. But the activity of the by-product was lower than that of coptis rhizome. The activity related to the content of berberine.（3） The extraction of coptis inflorescence had a significant effect on the blood glucose level of diabetes rat by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan. After been intragastric administration for 28d, the blood glucose of high dosage and medium dosage group was significantly decreased. That of low dosage group also had the trend of decreasing. The extraction of coptis inflorescence improved the body weight, drinking and food utilization ratio of diabetes rat induced by alloxan. At the same time of anti-hypoglycemic effect, the extraction of coptis inflorescence mantained the blood lipimedia disorder of diabetes rat induced by alloxan. Moreover, the extraction of coptis inflorescence had ability regulate the level of SOD, MDA and GSH-Ps in the blood. The extraction of coptis inflorescence showed function of in vivo antioxidation.（4） The hyperlipidemia animal model is established by giving high-fat feed. Animals achieved hyperlipidemia during fat feeding were divided into three dosage groups and hyperlipidemia group. The extraction of coptis inflorescence has a significant effect on lowering serum TC, TG and LDL-C of experimental hyperlipidemia rat, increasing HDL-C. It can decrease the arteriosclerosis index effectively, and inhibit the deposition of fat in the enterocelia and liver. Histological inspection indicates that the viscera index of three dosage groups has no significant difference with the normal group.（5） The fever model animal was established by hypodermic inject yeast. Different concentration of coptis inflorescence extraction was gave to the animals. It indicated that coptis inflorescence had a function of releasing heat. The effect of heat-releasing had a dosage-effect relation with the dosage of coptis inflorescence extraction.（6） To evaluate the security of coptis inflorescence by acute toxicity test, Ames test, sperm abnormality test, bone marrow cell micronucleus test, ninety days feeding study and part of the reproductive experiment were conducted according to the procedure of GB15193.1-2003. The LD50 of coptis inflorescence is bigger than 21.5g/Kg·BW. According to the classification of chemical, it has no actue toxicity. In Ames test, sperm abnormality test, bone marrow cell micronucleus test and ninety days feeding study, there’s no significant difference on measured index between the dosage groups and the normal control.（7） Two kinds of functional product were maded by using coptis inflorescence as main components. The key technologies to produce this tea were:①inactivation at 200℃for 5min;②then cooled and dried on time;③packed. The coptis inflorescence tea was packed after been inactived, cooled and dried. The other product is coptis inflorescence bag-soaked tea. The ratio of three material is: coptis inflorescence: sweet tea: chrysanthemum=90:2:20. The finished bag-soaked tea is oranged-yellow in colour, a little sweet and bitter in taste, light chrysanthemum scent in flavor.更多还原